JMS, Vol. 60, No. 1, 2024
GEOMECHANICS
ACTIVATION OF SEISMO-ACOUSTIC EVENTS AFTER LARGE-SCALE BLASTING AT AN IRON ORE BODY OF THE KURSK MAGNETIC ANOMALY
A. N. Besedina*, G. A. Gridin, G. G. Kocharya, K. G. Morozova, and D. V. Pavlov
Academician Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
*e-mail: besedina.a@gmail.com
The authors analyze weak seismic activity at the Korobkovo iron ore deposit in the area of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. A sensing system in use enabled recording seismic events with a magnitude from – 2.5 to – 1.4 induced by a large-scale blast. Localization of hypocenteres was accurate to ~50 m. The most of origins of the recorded events occurred in the neighborhood of a faulting zone across the zone of mining, and at the interface of bed series. The values of a seismic moment of the events are within of two orders of magnitude 105–107 N•m at an angular origin frequency of 70–600 Hz. The estimated seismic energy ranges from 0.0006 to 1 J. The reduced seismic energy values from 2•10–9 to 2•10–7 J/(N•m) and the low velocities allow categorizing the recorded events as slow earthquakes.
Induced seismicity, seismic monitoring, underground mining, geodynamic activity, seismic event origin parameters, k-means clustering
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010010
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S. V. Suknev
Chersky Institute of Mining of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Yakutsk, 677980 Russia
e-mail: suknyov@igds.ysn.ru
The spotlight of the analysis is on the elastic properties of dolomite and limestone host rocks of diamonds at the Botuoba Pipe in the conditions of partial saturation. Pre-saturated rock samples were subjected to three testing cycles during natural drying in room conditions. The change patterns in the elastic modulus of the test rock materials are determined subject to their water contents in different regimes of water saturation. The authors arrive to the conclusion that the prevailing concept of water effects on the mechanical properties of rocks is only valid in the steady-state conditions and is invalid in the unsteady-state conditions when moisture is nonuniformly distributed in the pore space of rocks.
Dolomite, limestone, water content, water saturation regime, uniaxial compression, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010022
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CHANGE IN PERMEABILITY OF LOOSE ROCKS IN PARTIAL IMPREGNATION WITH HIGH-ELASTIC POLYMER
T. V. Shilova*, I. M. Serdyuk**, S. V. Serdyukov, O. A. Ivanova, and A. S. Serdyukov
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: shilovatanya@yandex.ru
Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
**e-mail: ken04588@gmail.com
The article describes the laboratory testing of permeability and structure of loose rock hardened with two-component highly elastic polyurethane resin at different methods of impregnation and at different consumptions of the polymer. Two methods of impregnation are tested: with a single solution as a mixture of two resin components and with a double solution of separate components mixed inside the test rock. It is shown that the decrease in the volume of resin from 20–40 to 5–10 vol% results in abundance of inter-grain voids and through permeable pore channels, and in an increase in the rock permeability by two–three orders of magnitude. The single-solution impregnation with the ready mixture ensures lower permeability of the test samples.
Permeability, two-component highly elastic resin, loose rock, structure, single-solution and double-solution impregnation, electron scanning microscopy, permeation test
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010034
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PROPAGATION OF ELASTIC VIBRATIONS AND GENERATION OF MICROSEISMIC EMISSION IN LOADED ROCKS SAMPLES UNDER DYNAMIC IMPACT
V. I. Vostrikov* and V. F. Zakharikov
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: vvi.49@mail.ru
The propagation of elastic vibrations in rock samples in compression and under impacts to failure is investigated experimentally. Under impacts, a signal of acceleration was recorded in the samples, and the spectral density was calculated to determine velocities of elastic vibrations. It is found that under increasing load up to a pre-failure value, the P- and S-wave velocities grow, and the S-wave velocity increases by more than 50%. The acoustic Q-factor rises by 70%. The energy of the microseismic emission under pre-failure loads is two times higher than under low loads, and the high-amplitude spectral components generated under pre-failure loading are reflective of large discontinuities being formed.
P-waves and S-waves, measuring bench, displacement, deformation, laser sensor, resonance frequency, elastic vibration velocity, microseismic emission
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010046
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CAUSES OF PIT WALL FAILURE IN ZHELEZNY MINE BY RADAR MONITORING AND STABILITY CALCULATIONS
A. S. Kalyuzhny* and I. Yu. Rozanov
Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia
*e-mail: a.kalyuzhny@ksc.ru
The article discusses an integrated approach to finding causes of pit wall failure in Zhelezny Mine of Kovdor GOK. Radar monitoring with IBIS provided data for the slope instability prediction. The stability calculation is performed and analyzed for the failed site of the pit wall. It is shown at the adopted strength properties, failure of the upper bench is only possible as its stability factor is less than 1.50. The causes of instability could be the decreased strength of the pit wall as a result of weathering or watering, and failure could occur along a fracture. An industrial building in the close vicinity of the failure site had no influence on the slope stability. The recommendations on finding certain causes of instability are given.
Open pit mine, pit wall, slope, Kovdor GOK, stability estimation, stability factor, weak surface, Morgenstern–Price method, SVSlope, IBIS radar
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010058
REFERENCES
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28. Kalyuzny, A.S., Analysis of 2D and 3D Estimates of Pit Wall Stability, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin–GIAB, 2021, no. 10, pp. 123–133.
ROCK FRACTURE
PHYSICAL MODELING OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN CROSS BOREHOLES IN NONUNIFORM STRESS FIELD
A. V. Patutin*, L. A. Rybalkin, A. N. Drobchik, and S. V. Serdyukov
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: patutin@misd.ru
The article describes the lab-scale tests of hydraulic fracturing in the nonuniform stress field. Fractures were created in a system of two and three cross holes made in artificial cubic blocks with the edges 420 mm long. The stress raiser generated at the intersection of the holes facilitates fracturing in the neighborhood. In the tests the maximum compression was applied to a sample in perpendicular to the plane containing the axes of the holes. It is found that in such stress field, the system of three holes stabilizes a fracture in the mentioned plane better than the system of two holes.
Physical modeling, stress state, hydraulic fracturing, fracture, system of holes, breakdown fluid pressure, artificial block
DOI: 10.1134/S106273912401006X
REFERENCES
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9. Serdyukov, S.V., Azarov, A.V., Rybalkin, L.A., and Patutin, A.V., Shapes of Hydraulic Fractures in the Neighborhood of Cylindrical Cavity, Journal of Mining Science, 2021, pp. 943–954.
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26. Patutin, A.V., Skulkin, A.A, and Prasolova, V.S., Physical Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing in Branched Borehole in Manmade Block, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 191–198.
TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF CONCRETE LINING IN MINE SHAFTS AT THE UPPER KAMA SALT DEPOSIT
V. V. Tarasov*, V. N. Aptukov**, O. V. Ivanov, and P. V. Nikolaev
VNII Galurgii, Perm, 614000 Russia
*e-mail: Vladislav.Tarasov@uralkali.com
Perm State National Research University, Perm, 614000 Russia
**e-mail: Aptukov@psu.ru
The mine shafts in the salt (unwatered) rock mass at the Upper Kama deposit are mostly lined with cast-in-place concrete and reinforced concrete, which should ensure the required load-bearing capacity and water impermeability in host rocks in creep. The long-term observations of the shaft lining in operation revealed some typical patterns of failure induced by the rheological properties of salt rock mass under the action of rock pressure. The technical evaluation of the lining and reinforcement of mine shafts is an integrated checkup procedure including measurements of fractures and areas of corrosive zones/rock falls; updating of actual geometrics of lining from laser measurements; determination of residual strength of lining; mathematical modeling; estimation of integral reliability index of lining. The authors propose a procedure to categorize technical conditions of concrete lining in mine shafts in operation in salt-bearing rock mass in creep. The application of the procedure is described, and the conclusions on the package of repair activities are drawn.
Upper Kama salt deposit, mine shaft, concrete lining, rigid reinforcement, lining condition category, lining evaluation procedure
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010071
REFERENCES
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4. Zhukov, A.A., Development and Adaptation of the Process for Diagnostic of Mine Shaft Concrete Lining in Potash Mines, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—GIAB, 2016, no. 8, pp. 245–254.
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12. Ivanov, O.V., Aptukov, V.N., Tarasov, V.V., and Pestrikova, V.S., Peculiarities of Operation of Junctures in Difficult Geological Conditions of Potash Mines, Izv. TGU. Nauki o Zemle, 2022, no. 3, pp. 93–106.
13. Konstantinova, S.A. and Aptukov, V.N., Nekotorye zadachi mekhaniki deformirovaniya i razrusheniya solyanykh porod (Some Problems of Salt Rock Deformation and Failure Mechanics), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2013.
14. Ageenko, V.A. and Skvortsov, A.A., Rheological Properties of Rock Salt under Super Longterm Sustained Uniaxial Loading, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—GIAB, 2019, no. 11, pp. 27–34.
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18. Kachurin, N.M., Afanas’ev, I.A., Tarasov, V.V., and Stas’, P.P., Stability Monitoring in Potash Mine Shafts, Izv. TulGU. Nauki o Zemle, 2020, no. 3, pp. 304–317.
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24. Solov’ev, V.A., Aptukov, V.N., and Vaulina, I.B., Podderzhanie gornykh vyrabotok v porodakh solenosnoi tolshchi (Support of Underground Openings in Salt Rock Mass), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2017.
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MODELING PERCUSSION AND ROTARY PERCUSSION DRILLING IN STRONG ROCKS
V. A. Koronatov
Bratsk State University, Bratsk, 665709 Russia
e-mail: kortavik@mail.ru
The article describes two single-mass models of a drill string and different methods of bottom-hole treatment: percussion and rotary percussion. The loads created by the piston are transferred to rocks via a progressively advancing bit in the first model and via a rotatable bit in the second model. The drag force applied to the bit is found from the nonlinear dependence on the penetration rate and kinematic parameters which govern the force impact on the rock and its loss of strength: initial blow velocity and rotational speed modulus of the bit. The optimal initial blow velocities are found at the preset blow frequency; they ensure elimination of short-term stick slips in penetration of the bit. For the mentioned cases of penetration, the processes of percussion and rotary percussion drilling in strong rocks are provided with the strict mathematical description. The numerical modeling results are presented.
Percussion drilling, rotary percussion drilling, drill string, ground resistance, rock fracture
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010083
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12. Belokobyl’skii, S.V., Dinamika sistem s sukhim treniem i ee prilozhenie k zadacham gornykh mashin (Dynamics of System with Dry Friction and Applications in Problems of Mining Machines), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 2002.
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17. Koronatov, V.A., Elements of Strict Theory of Drilling, Sistemy. Metody. Tekhnologii, 2016, no. 4 (32), pp. 83–94.
18. Koronatov, V.A., Axial–Torsional Vibrations of Drill Strings with Crush-and-Shear Hybrid Bits at Constant Tension of Suspension Cables, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 39–52.
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PREDICTION OF ROCK FRAGMENTATION IN BENCH BLASTING OPERATIONS BASED ON MULTI PARAMETERS—A CASE STUDY
Y. Majeed*, M. Z. Emad, M. Z. Abu Bakar, and Ayatullah
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
*e-mail: yasirbinmajeed@gmail.com; yasirbinmajeed@uet.edu.pk
This study discusses the dependence of blast fragmentation size on field parameters and rock properties. For this purpose, six limestone quarries of productive cement factories of Pakistan were selected, including a total of 19 working bench faces. The field work included determination of rock fragmentation size, field penetration rate, rock mass parameters and blast design parameters. The geo-mechanical laboratory testing program includes LCPC rock abrasivity tests, NTNU/SINTEF drillability tests along with determination of laboratory drilling rate index and physico-mechanical rock property tests. The technique of least square regression was adopted to explain the obtained dependence. Finally, three multiple regression models were proposed for the estimation of rock fragmentation size from the test field and laboratory scale parameters. The quality of developed multi-variable models was statistically validated through statistical performance indicators.
Limestone quarries, blast fragmentation size, LCPC abrasivity coefficient, LCPC breakability index, blastability index, regression analysis
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010095
REFERENCES
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11. Sasaoka, T., Takahashi, Y., Sugeng, W., Hamanaka, A., Shimada, H., Matsui, K., and Kubota, S., Effects of Rock Mass Conditions and Blasting Standard on Fragmentation Size at Limestone Quarries, Open J. Geology, 2015, vol. 5, pp. 331–339.
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DEPENDENCE OF DRILLABILITY PARAMETERS ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ROCKS FROM PAKISTAN
M. Z. Abu Bakar and Y. Majeed*
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
*e-mail: yasirbinmajeed@gmail.com; yasirbinmajeed@uet.edu.pk
In this study, the rock drillability tests, as well as a comprehensive set of physical and mechanical rock property tests were performed on rock units selected from various localities of Pakistan. Petrography of included rock samples was also conducted for the computation of geotechnical wear indices including Schimazek’s F-value, rock abrasivity index and the Vickers hardness number for rocks. Initially, univariate regression analysis was performed to check the dependence of drillability parameters on physico-mechanical properties and rock wear indices. Significant correlations of drillability parameters with uniaxial compressive strength were found. Similarly, Sievers’ J-value and drilling rate index showed considerable dependence on Schimazek’s F-value. In the next step, multivariate linear regression models of Sievers’ J-value, brittleness value and drilling rate index, based on physical, mechanical and petrographical rock parameters were developed. Finally, the predictability of proposed multiple regression models was validated by employing the statistical performance indices.
Sievers’ J-value, brittleness value, drilling rate index, Schimazek’s F-value, rock abrasivity index, Vickers rock hardness number, quartz content, equivalent quartz content
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010101
REFERENCES
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MINERAL MINING TECHNOLOGY
EFFECT OF KAOLIN AND BASALT COMPOSITION ON GEOPOLYMER CHARACTERISTICS
M. Amin, S. Sudibyo, D. C. Birawidha, K. Isnugroho, S. Syafriadi, S. Septiana, B. Dinda Erlangga, D. Susanti, and F. Bahfie*
Research Center of Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia,
South Lampung, Lampung, 35361 Indonesia
*e-mail: fathanbahfie@gmail.com; fath007@brin.go.id
University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, 35141 Indonesia
Research Center of Geotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia,
Bandung, West Java, 40135 Indonesia
Material and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
The effect of variations in the composition of kaolin and basalt on the geopolymer characteristics was carried out. The drying time was 4 h for cubic samples at 40, 50 and 60 °C and 9 h for cylindrical samples at 70 and 90 °C. The best geopolymer was K4 cylinder at 90 °C, which had a compressive strength of 8.075 MPa. The density of K2 cube geopolymer ranged as 26–1.94 g/cm3 at 60 °C. Silica–alumina compounds dominated the constituent compounds of geopolymer concrete, and the phases formed were quartz, anorthite and muscovite.
Kaolin, basalt, geopolymer concrete, characteristics
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010113
REFERENCES
1. Amin, M. and Suharto, Production of Environmentally Friendly Geopolymer Cement Made from Basalt Minerals for the Prosperity of Lampung, J. Res. Development Innovation, 2017, vol. 05, no. 1.
2. Rangan, B.V., Geopolymer Concrete for Environmental Protection, The Indian Concrete J., 2014, vol. 88, pp. 41–48.
3. McLellan, B.C., Williams, R.P., Lay, J., Riessen, A.V., and Corder, G.D., Costs and Carbon Emissions for Geopolymer Pastes in Comparison to Ordinary Portland Cement, J. Cleaner Prod., 2011, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1080–1090.
4. Das, S.K., Mishra, J., and Mustakim, S.M., An Overview of Current Research Trends in Geopolymer Concrete, Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol., 2018, vol. 05, no. 11.
5. Duxon, P and Provis, J.L., Designing Precursors for Geopolymer Cements, J. Amer. Ceramic Soc., 2008, vol. 91, no. 12, pp. 3864–3869.
6. Duxon, P., Fernandez, J.A., Provis, J.L., Luckey, G.C., Palomo, A., and Van Deventure, J.S.J., Geopolymer Technology: the Current State of the Art, J. Mater. Sci., 2007, vol. 42, pp. 2917–2933.
7. Xu, H. and Van Deventer, J.S.J., The Geopolymerization of Alumino-Silicate Minerals, Int. J. Miner. Proc., 2009, vol. 59, pp. 247–266.
8. Komnitsas, K.A., Potential of Geopolymer Technology towards Green Nuilding Sand Sustainable Cities, Procedia Eng., 2011, vol. 21, pp. 1023–1032.
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SUBSTITUTION OF LOW-CALCIUM FLY ASH FOR PARTIAL PORTLAND CEMENT IN UNDERGROUND BACKFILLING MINING
Tao Xu* and Yi Fu
Fujian Polytechnic of Information Technology, Fujian, China
*e-mail: xtgreat@163.com
Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Fujian, China
The ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as usual binder is widely used for the backfilling in the Zijinshan Copper mine of Fujian province, whereas it leads to high cost of cemented paste backfill (CPB) every year. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of low-calcium fly ash (LCFA) substituting for OPC on the compressive strength of CPB samples, through treating LCFA with mechanical and chemical action method to improve its pozzolanic activity. The experiment results show that the compressive strength of CPB samples is not increased when the non-treated LCFA is added into substitute for partial OPC. However, the compressive strength is obviously improved by the replacement of partial OPC with treated LCFA. When the substitution ratio of treated LCFA is 29.8%, the 28-day compressive strength of CPB samples with binder/tailing ratio of 1:6 achieves 3.9 MPa, and is 1.95 times higher than that of CPB samples with OPC as sole binder under the same condition. The economic analysis result exhibits a partial replacement (29.8%) of OPC with treated LCFA can save 28.7% of cemented backfill cost, indicating great economic benefit for underground backfilling mining.
Low-calcium fly ash, cemented paste backfill, replacement, activity, uniaxial compressive strength, economic assessment
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010125
REFERENCES
1. Qi, C.C. and Fourie, A., Cemented Paste Back?ll for Mineral Tailings Management: Review and Future Perspectives, Miner. Eng., 2019, vol. 144, pp. 1–21.
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3. Wang, Q.Y., Wang, H.L., and Ren, X.Y., The Issues of Mine Backfill and the Low-Cost Backfill Technique, Min. R & D, 2016, vol. 36, pp. 42–44.
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6. Daniel, A.J., Sivakamasundari, S., and Nishanth, A., Study on Partial Replacement of Silica Fume Based Geopolymer Concrete Beam Behavior under Torsion, Procedia Eng., 2017, vol. 173, pp. 732–739.
7. Marvila, M.T., Azevedo, A.R.G.D., Oliveira, L.B.D. Xavier, G.C., and Vieira, C.M.F., Mechanical, Physical and Durability Properties of Activated Alkali Cement Based on Blast Furnace Slag as a Function of % Na2O, Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 2021, vol. 15, pp. 1–12.
8. Ewgrel-Gamal, S.M.A., Amin, M.S., and Ramadan, M., Hydration Characteristics and Compressive Strength of Hardened Cement Pastes Containing Nano-Metakaolin, HBRC J., 2017, vol. 13, pp. 114–121.
9. Lubeck, A., Gastaldini, A.L.G., Barin, D.S., and Siqueira, H.C., Compressive Strength and Electrical Properties of Concrete with White Portland Cement and Blast-Furnace Slag, Cement Concrete Comp., 2012, vol. 34, pp. 392–399.
10. Sajedi, F., Mechanical Activation of Cement-Slag Mortars, Constr. Build. Mater., 2012, vol. 26, pp. 41–48.
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12. Mashifana, T. and Sithole, T., Clean Production of Sustainable Backfill Material from Waste Gold Tailings and Slag, J. Clean. Prod., 2021, vol. 308, pp. 1–12.
13. Min, C.D., Shi, Y., and Liu, Z.X., Properties of Cemented Phosphogypsum (PG) Backfill in Case of Partially Substitution of Composite Portland Cement by Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Constr. Build. Mater., 2021, vol. 305, pp. 1–9.
14. Liu, L., Ruan, S.S., Qi, C.C., Zhang, B., Tu, B.B., Yang, Q., and K. Song, I.I.L., Co-Disposal of Magnesium Slag and High-Calcium Fly Ash as Cementitious Materials in Back?ll, J. Clean. Prod., 2021, vol. 279, pp. 1–13.
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16. Chindaprasirt, P., Silva, P.D., Sagoe-Crentsil, K., and Hanjitsuwan, S., Effect of SiO2 and Al2O3 on the Setting and Hardening of High Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Systems, J. Mater. Sci., 2012, vol. 47, pp. 4876–4883.
17. Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Maltseva, O., and Palomo, A., Mechanical-Chemical Activation of Coal Fly Ashes: An Effective Way for Recycling and Make Cementitious Materials, Front. Mater., 2019, vol. 6, pp. 1–12.
18. Fu, X.R., Li, Q., Zhai, J.P., Sheng, G.H., and Li, F.H., The Physical-Chemical Characterization of Mechanically-Treated CFBC Fly Ash, Cement Concrete Comp., 2008, vol. 30, pp. 220–226.
19. Liu, B.J., Shi, J.Y., Liang, H., Jiang, J.Y., Yang, Y.X., and He, Z.H., Synergistic Enhancement of Mechanical Property of the High Replacement Low-Calcium Ultrafine Fly Ash Blended Cement Paste by Multiple Chemical Activators, J. Build. Eng., 2020, vol. 32, pp. 1–11.
20. Zhu, H.B., Gou, H.X., Zhou, H.Y., and Jiang, Z.W., Microscopic Analysis of Nano-Modified Fly Ash by Fluidized Bed Reactor-Vapor Deposition, Constr. Build. Mater., 2020, vol. 260, pp. 1–12.
21. Bull, A.J. and Fall, M., Thermally Induced Changes in Metalloid Leachability of Cemented Paste Backfill that Contains Blast Furnace Slag, Miner. Eng., 2020, vol. 156, pp. 1–12.
22. Aughenbaugh, K.L., Stutzman, P., and Juenger, M.C.G., Identifying Glass Compositions in Fly Ash, Front. Mater., 2016, vol. 3, pp. 1–10.
23. Du, Z.W., Chen, S.J., Wang, S., Liu, R., Yao, D.H., and Mitri, H.S., Influence of Binder Types and Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Cemented Paste Backfill, Adv. Civ. Eng., 2021, vol. 6652176, pp. 1–10.
24. Sun, Q., Tian, S., Sun, Q.W., Li, B., Cai, C., Xia, Y.J., Wei, X., and Mu, Q.W., Preparation and Microstructure of Fly Ash Geopolymer Paste Backfill Material, J. Clean. Prod., 2019, vol. 225, pp. 376–390.
SCIENCE OF MINING MACHINES
OPTIMIZING CROSS-SECTION OUTLINE OF BULKLOAD ON BELT CONVEYOR
A. A. Ordin*, A. M. Nikol’sky, and M. A. Grishchenko
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: ordin@misd.ru
Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
The optimization problem is formulated for the cross-section outline of bulkload on a belt conveyor and for the kinematic parameters of the latter. The analytical solution on the optimum angle of side rollers and cross-section outline of bulkload on the belt is presented. The influence of the friction angle on the optimum cross-section outline of bulkload on the belt is illustrated. The optimization of velocity and acceleration of belt conveyor in the start period is described. The influence of the angle of the side rollers on the rolling friction is determined.
Mine, belt conveyor, rock bulkload, cross-section outline, rollers, kinematic parameters, capacity, friction force, optimization
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010137
REFERENCES
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10. Perten, Yu.А., Konveiernye sistemy (Conveyor Systems), Saint Petersburg: Professional, 2008.
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12. Rukovodstvo ekspluatatsii konveiernykh lent (Conveyor Belt Operation Manual), Kursk: Rezinotekhnika, 2007.
13. Ordin, А.А., Timoshenko, А.М., Botvenko, D.V., and Nikol’sky, А.М., Justification of Optimum Length and Capacity of Production Face when Mining Thick Coal Seam at the Taldinskaya-Zapadnaya-1 Mine, Ugol’, 2019, no. 3, pp. 50–54.
14. Federal’nye normy i pravila v oblasti promyshlennoi bezopasnosti “Pravila bezopasnosti pri vedenii gornykh rabot i pererabotke tverdykh poleznykh iskopayemykh (Federal Standards and Rules in the Field of Industrial Safety “Safety Rules for Mining and Processing of Solid Minerals.” Approved on Aug 12, 2020 by the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision, no. 505, Registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on Dec 21, 2020, Reg. no. 61651.
15. Ordin, А.А., Nikol’sky, А.М., and Podugol’nikov, Е.V., Justification of Efficient Engineering Data for Multi-Drive High-Duty Belt Conveyors, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 264–273.
LOADING OF DIAMOND WIRE SAW OF STONE CUTTING MACHINE
M. V. Sekretov* and M. G. Rakhutin
National University of Science and Technology—NUST MISIS, Moscow, 119991 Russia
*e-mail: mv.sekretov@misis.ru
The article offers the force and geometry analysis of the stone block–diamond wire saw system. The friction force of the diamond wire saw in the block is determined at the parabolic adjustment of the wire sawing trajectory. The curves of the sawing force and horizontal coordinates of the blocks are plotted at different values of the parabola focus point. The actual sawing trajectories in monoliths and blocks are described. The load increase factor at the beginning of work is obtained. Using the procedure of the actual sawing trajectory, the strength analysis of the diamond segments of the diamond wire sawing machine is performed, and the stress diagrams in the diamond segments with a sharp and rounded edge are constructed. The maximal stresses in the diamond segment with the rounded edge are plotted as function of the rounding radius.
Dimension stone production, block sawing, strong rock, diamond wire sawing machine, parabolic sawing trajectory, friction factor, sawing force, diamond segment, diamond segment edge
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010149
REFERENCES
1. Pavlov, Yu.А., Svetlyakov, А.V., and Motornyi, N.I., Ornamental Stone Industry: Global Level and Development Prospects in Russia, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—GIAB, 2022, no. 1, pp. 162–178.
2. Lucisano, G., Studio e Sperimentazione di Leghe ad Elevata Deformazione per Applicazioni nel Settore della Prima Lavorazione di Materiali Lapidei, Alma Mater Studiorum Universita di Bologna, 2012.
3. Dassanayake, A., Samarakoon, A.U., Chaminda, S.P., Jayawardena, C.L., Kondage, Y.S., and Kannangara, T.T., A Review on Dimension Stone Extraction Methods, Preprints, 2023.
4. Pershin, G.D., Karaulov, N.G., and Ulyakov, M.S., Selection of High-Strength Dimension Stone Cutting Method, Considering Natural Jointing, Journal of Mining Science, 2015, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 129–137.
5. Pershin, G.D. and Karaulov, G.A., Dobycha blokov mramora almazno-kanatnymi pilami (Extraction of Marble Blocks Using Diamond Wire Saws), Magnitogorsk: G.I. Nosov MGTU, 2003.
6. Rasti, A., Adarmanabadi, H.R., and Sahlabadi, M.R., Effects of Controllable and Uncontrollable Parameters on Diamond Wire Cutting Performance Using Statistical Analysis: A Case Study, Rudarsko-geolosko naftni zbornik, 2021, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 21–32.
7. Konstanty, J., The Mechanics of Sawing Granite with Diamond Wire, Int. J. Advanced Manufacturing Technol., 2021, vol. 116, pp. 2591–2597.
8. Pershin, G.D. and Ulyakov, M.S., Analysis of the Effect of Wire Saw Operation Mode on Stone Cutting Cost, Journal of Mining Science, 2014, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 310–318.
9. Pershin, G.D., Ulyakov, M.S Energy Method for Calculating the Performance of Diamond Wire Sawing Machines in the Extraction of Face Stone, Vestn. MGTU G.I. Nosova, 2016, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 18–24.
10. Wu, H., Wire Sawing Technology: A State-of-the-Art Review, Precision Eng., 2015, pp. 1–9.
11. Gomes, D., Araujo, A., Marques, R., Patricio, J., Lopez, V., and Santos, R.M., Damage and Failure Evaluation of Diamond Wire for Multi-Wire Sawing of Hard Stone Blocks through Modeling and Numerical Simulation, MATEC Web Conf., 2021, vol. 349. — 04001.
12. Denkena, B., Bergmann, B., and Rahner, B.H., A Novel Tool Monitoring Approach for Diamond Wire Sawing, Prod. Eng., 2021, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 561–568.
13. Zhang, L., Ru, C., Wang, L., Zhu, Z., and Zhao, C., Analysis of Impact Characteristics of Diamond-Beaded Rope and Its Influence on Cutting Efficiency and Life, J. Physics: Conf. Series, 2019, pp. 1–7.
14. Fu, M., Zhang, P., and Wang, F., Modal Analysis and Experimental Investigation into Vibration of the Diamond-Beaded Rope Based on Lumped Mass, J. Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control, 2022, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 12–26.
15. Wang, L.L., Pei, Y.C., Zhang, H., Wang, B., Liu, Q.J., Wang, D.X., Wang, B.H., and Sui, W.C., An Improved Normal Sawing Force Model with Spherical Abrasive Particles for Ultrasonic Assisted Inner Diameter Sawing, Preprint, 2022, vol. 24, pp. 1–24.
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MINERAL DRESSING
THE PARTICLE–BUBBLE BEHAVIOR IN FLOTATION IN LOW-VISCOUS LIQUID
S. A. Kondrat’ev* and N. P. Moshkin
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: kondr@misd.ru
Lavrentiev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
The authors discuss dynamics of gas bubble and mineral particle in low-viscous fluid. The particle–bubble interaction model represents a system of associated differential algebraic equations. Dynamics of the disturbed system is described using the Lagrangian method. The model takes into account oscillations of bubble surface and attached solid cylindrical particle in the infinitive volume of perfect incompressible liquid. The capillary force retaining the particle on the bubble is governed by the meniscus shape which conditions the wetting angle. The Legendre series expansion is used to represent small axially symmetrical oscillations of the particle–bubble system. The potential and kinetic energies of the system are expressed in terms of the coefficient of this series. The resultant eddy-free velocity field allows including the viscosity effect with regard to the local rates of energy dissipation.
Flotation, mineral particle, gas bubble, gas bubble surface oscillations, viscous liquid
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010150
REFERENCES
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9. Kondrat’ev, S.А., Reagenty-sobirateli v elementarnom akte flotatsii (Collecting Agents in Particle-Bubble Interaction), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2012.
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13. Kondrat’ev, S.А. and Moshkin, N.P., Particle-Free Air Bubble Interaction in Liquid, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 990–999.
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MINERALOGICAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH MATERIAL CONSTITUTION AND PROCESS PROPERTIES OF DIFFICULT LEAD–ZINC ORE
N. F. Usmanova*, E. A. Burdakova, I. I. Baksheeva, A. A. Plotnikova, and V. N. Knyazev
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 Russia
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology—Division of Federal Research Center,
Krasnoyarsk Research Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russia
*e-mail: usmanowa.natalia@yandex.ru
The article describes the studies on the material constitution of two lead–zinc ore samples from the Gorevka deposit. The samples are difficult ore because of fine dissemination of galena and its complex intergrowth with sphalerite; feature partial replacement of lead sulfide by anglesite and cerussite; contain colloform galena. The initial ore samples underwent the X-ray phase, chemical and grain-size analyses, with sizing of target elements. The tests of selective flotation of the samples, with variation of size grade in the lead circuit, in different reagent regimes and with the subsequent electron microscopy of the products proved the processing difficulty of the test ore.
Difficult lead–zinc ore, galena, anglesite, cerussite, sphalerite, fine dissimination, optical and electron microscopy, flotation
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010162
REFERENCES
1. Rahfeld, A., Kleeberg, R., Mockel, R., and Gutzmer, J., Quantitative Mineralogical Analysis of European Kupferschiefer Ore, Miner. Eng., 2018, vol. 115, pp. 21–23.
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3. Santoro, L., Boni, M., Rollinson, G.K., Mondillo, N., Balassone, G., and Clegg, A.M., Mineralogical Characterization of the Hakkari Nonsulfide Zn(Pb) Deposit (Turkey): The Benefits of QEMSCAN, Miner. Eng., 2014, vol. 69, pp. 29–39.
4. Tiu, G., Ghorbani, Y., Jansson, N., Wanhainen, C., and Bolin, N.J., Ore Mineral Characteristics as Rate-Limiting Factors in Sphalerite Flotation: Comparison of the Mineral Chemistry (Iron and Manganese Content), Grain Size, and Liberation, Miner. Eng., 2022, vol. 185. — 107705.
5. Turan, M.D. and Balaz, P., Investigation of Properties of Zinc Plant Residue Mechanically Activated in Two Types of Mills, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 288–296.
6. Buchmann, M., Schach, E., Tolosana-Delgado, R., Lei?ner, T., Astoveza, J., Kern, M. Mockel, R., Ebert, D., Rudolph, M., Van den Boogaart, K.G., and Peuker, U.A., Evaluation of Magnetic Separation Efficiency on a Cassiterite-Bearing Skarn Ore by Means of Integrative SEM-Based Image and XRF–XRD Data Analysis, Miner., 2018, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 390.
7. Heinig, T., Bachmann, K., Tolosana-Delgado, R., Van den Boogaart, K.G., and Gutzmer, J., Monitoring Gravitational and Particle Shape Settling Effects on MLA Sample Preparation, Proc. IAMG Conf., Freiberg, Germany, 2015.
8. Kupka, N., Tolosana-Delgado, R., Schach, E., Bachmann, K., Heinig, T., and Martin, R., R as an Environment for Data Mining of Process Mineralogy Data: A Case Study of an Industrial Rougher Flotation Bank, Miner. Eng., 2020, vol. 146. 106111.
9. Minz, F.E., Bolin, N.J., Lamberg, P., Bachmann, K., Gutzmer, J., and Wanhainen, C., Distribution of Sb Minerals in the Cu and Zn Flotation of Rockliden Massive Sulphide Ore in North-Central Sweden, Miner. Eng., 2015, vol. 82, pp. 125–135.
10. Dehaine, Q., Tijsseling, L.T., Glass, H.J., Tormananen, T., and Butcher, A.R., Geometallurgy of Cobalt Ores: A Review, Miner. Eng., 2021, vol. 160. 106656.
11. Chanturia, V.A., Minenko, V.G., Samusev, А.L., Koporulina, Е.V., and Ryazantseva, М.V., Zirconium and Rare Earths Recovery from Eudialyte Concentrate Leaching Solution, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no.4, pp. 631–641.
12. Goryachev, А.А., Belyaevsky, А.Т., Makarov, D.V., Potapov, S.S., and Tsvetov, N.S., Copper–Nickel Ore Processing by Low-Temperature Roasting in Mixture with Ammonium Sulfate, Journal of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 58, no.3, pp. 447–455.
13. Matveeva, Т.N., Minaev, V.А., and Groomova, N.К., Determining Modes of Thiol Collector Attachment at Sulfide Minerals by Optical, Electron Scanning and Laser Microscopy, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no.4, pp. 673–680.
EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC TREATMENT ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES AND COLLOIDAL STATE OF SYLVINITE FLOTATION COLLECTOR
V. E. Burov*, V. Z. Poilov, I. S. Potapov, and K. G. Kuz’minykh
Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, 614990 Russia
*e-mail: vladimire.burov@gmail.com
The authors investigate the structural and colloid properties of a collector represented by amine hydrochloride treated by ultrasound and included in sylvinite flotation. Using the viscosity–temperature dependences, the Gibbs free energy is calculated for amine hydrochloride with and without treatment by ultrasound. It is found that ultrasound-treated amine added in salt-fat solutions are more stable to coagulation. From the synchronous thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis, it is inferred that ultrasonic treatment of amine hydrochloride slightly increases crystallinity of amine. The research findings improve understanding of the ultrasound effect on the change in the structural and colloid properties of the collector, which are important to optimizing output, sustainability and efficiency of potassium chloride production by flotation.
Collector, amine hydrochloride, sylvinite flotation, ultrasound effects, dynamic viscosity, Gibbs free energy of activation, coagulation, micelle structure
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010174
REFERENCES
1. Huang, Z., Cheng, C., Zhong, H., Li, L., Guo, Z., Yu, X., He, G., Han, H., Deng, L., and Fu, W., Flotation of Sylvite from Potash Ore by Using the Gemini Surfactant as a Novel Flotation Collector, Miner. Eng., 2019, vol. 132, pp. 22–26.
2. Dikhtievskaya, L.V., Shlomina, L.F., Osipova, Е.О., Shevchuk, V.V., and Mozheiko, F.F., Potash Ore Flotation, Izv. NAN Belarusi, Seriya khim. nauk, 2019, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 277–287.
3. Shakirov, Т.R., Study of Leaching Processes in the Technology of Producing Potash Fertilizers from Carnallite Rocks, Vestn. Tekhnol. Univ., 2022, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 54–57.
4. Bachurin, B.A. and Khokhriakova, E.S., Technogenic-Mineral Formations of Potash Processing: Forming, Transformation, Ecological Evaluation, European Association Geoscientists and Engineers, 2020, pp. 1–8.
5. Laskowski, J.S., From Amine Molecules Adsorption to Amine Precipitate Transport by Bubbles: A Potash Ore Flotation Mechanism, Miner. Eng., 2013, vol. 45, pp. 170–179.
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RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENT-BEARING PLACER MINERALS
R. B. Rao*, B. Mishra, and D. Singh
Formerly CSIR-IMMT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
*e-mail: bhimaraoscientist1978@gmail.com
Indian Rare Earths (India) Limited, Chatrapur, Odisha, India
This article discusses the process flow chart for the recovery of the rare earth-bearing minerals monazite and zircon. The results of this study show that 97.9% monazite with 0.006% yield and 61.2% recovery can be achieved from a feed sample containing 0.0096% monazite by using spiral, electrostatic and magnetic separators followed by flotation. When zircon is subjected to study the process mineralogy, it is observed that a zircon grade in the feed sample containing 0.028% zircon can be upgraded to a zircon grade of 98.7% at the yield of 0.006% and the recovery of 21.5%.
Rare earths, monazite, zircon, process mineralogy, placer minerals, beneficiation, spiral concentrator, high tension separator, magnetic separator
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010186
REFERENCES
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10. Nie, W.L., Qian, Z., Yang, X.Y., Feng, Q.C., Wen, S.M., Zhou, Y.W., Liu, J.B., and Yang, X.Z., A Study of the Process Mineralogy of Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite Electric Furnace Slag, Acta Petrologica Mineralogica, 2021, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 542–550.
11. Lu, X., Lu, P., Chen, Y., Ding, Z., Yu, P., and Bai, S., Study on Process Mineralogy of Ilmenite in Yunnan Province, J. Multipurpose Utilizat. Miner. Res., 2022, vol. 2, pp. 206–210.
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13. Philander, C. and Rozendaal, A., A Process Mineralogy Approach to Geometallurgical Model Refinement for the Namakwa Sands Heavy Minerals Operations, West Coast of South Africa, Miner. Eng., 2014, vol. 65, pp. 9–16.
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16. Singh, D., Mishra, B.R., Basu, S., and Rao, R.B., Process Mineralogy for the Development of a Flowsheet to Recover Monazite from Offshore Placer Deposit, J. Inst. Eng. India, 2023, ser. D, pp. 1–11.
MINING ECOLOGY AND SUBSOIL MANAGEMENT
JUSTIFICATION OF POTENTIALITY OF MINE DRAIN WATER INJECTION IN DEEP GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES: A CASE-STUDY OF YAKOVLEVSKY MINE
L. A. Elantseva* and S. V. Fomenko**
Belgorod State University,
Belgorod, 308015 Russia
*e-mail: Elantseva@bsu.edu.ru
**e-mail: SVFomenko@rambler.ru
Potentiality of drain water injection in deep geological structures is investigated as a case-study of drainage system at Yakovlevsky Mine. The problem ensues from the presence of a very high zone of conductive fractures and from the very intense hydraulic connection between the water-bearing bottom coal layer and crystal ore layer due to the increased size of the mined-out space as the mine reaches the production capacity of 5 Mt, which can lead to water inrushes to underground stopes. The authors perform the predictive modeling of the joint operation of the drainage system and drain water injection to the bottom-layer water-bearing coal stratum with a view to improving safety of mining.
Yakovlevsky Mine, drainage system, water-bearing bottom coal layer, dewatering wells, directional upholes, drain water injection
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124010198
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