JMS, Vol. 60, No. 5, 2024
GEOMECHANICS
HETEROGENEITY LOCATION IN NEIGHBORHOOD OF UNDERGROUND MINE WORKINGS BY PHASE VELOCITY OF SURFACE SEISMIC WAVE
V. V. Skazka*, M. V. Kurlenya, A. V. Azarov, and A. S. Serdyukov
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: vskazka@gmail.com
This article describes a method to detect and control low-velocity intercalations in rock mass in neighborhood of tunnels and underground mine workings using calculated phase velocities of surface seismic waves. Initial data are synthetic seismograms from numerical modeling of radially symmetric propagation of seismic waves along a mine working. It is shown that overlapping of a low-velocity heterogeneity in rock mass by a higher velocity layer brings no obstacles to the identification of the heterogeneity by the proposed method. Observations over phase velocities of surface seismic waves make it possible to assess rock mass adjacent to underground structures, which is a relevant result from the practical point of view.
Rock mass, seismic monitoring, underground mine working, tunnel, rock mass condition control, surface waves, phase velocities
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050016
REFERENCES
1. Kurlenya, M.V., Skazka, V.V., Azarov, А.V., Serdyukov, А.S., and Patutin, А.V., Using Surface Waves for Monitoring Rock Mass Condition around Underground Openings and Structures, Journal of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 875–885.
2. Gladyr’, А.V., Kursakin, G.А., Rasskazov, М.I., and Konstantinov, А.V., Method to Detect Hazardous Areas in Rock Mass from Seismoacoustic Observations, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—GIAB, 2019, no. 8, pp. 21–32.
3. Jiao, Y.Y., Tian, H.N., Liu, Y.Z., Mei, R.W., and Li, H.B., Prediction of Tunneling Hazardous Geological Zones Using the Active Seismic Approach, Near Surface Geophys., 2015, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 333–342.
4. Xu, X., Zhang, P., Guo, X., Liu, B., Chen, L., Zhang, Q., Nie, L., and Zhang, Y., A Case Study of Seismic Forward Prospecting Based on the Tunnel Seismic while Drilling and Active Seismic Methods, Bul. Eng. Geol. Env., 2021, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 3553–3567.
5. Kurlenya, М.V., Serdyukov, А.S., Duchkov, А.А., Patutin, А.V., and Yaskevich, S.V., Technology for Microseismic and Geomechanical Monitoring of Geodynamic Processes in a Rock Mass, Fund. Prikl. Vopr. Gorn. Nauk, 2015, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 257–260.
6. Tzavaras, J., Buske, S., Gross, K., and Shapiro, S., Three-Dimensional Seismic Imaging of Tunnels, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2012, vol. 49, pp. 12–20.
7. Shemyakin, E.I., Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., Reva, V.N., Glushikhin, F.P., and Rozenbaum, V.A., Discovery no. 400 USSR. Phenomenon of Zonal Disintegration of Rocks around Underground Mine Workings, Byull. Izobret., 1992, no. 1.
8. Sneddon, I.N. and Berry, D.S., The Classical Theory of Elasticity, Springer-Verlag OHG, 1958.
9. Biot, M.A., Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Cylindrical Bore Containing a Fluid, J. Appl. Physics, American Institute of Physics, 1952, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 997–1005.
10. Ellefsen, K.J., Cheng, C.H., and Toksöz, M.N., Elastic Wave Propagation along a Borehole in an Anisotropic Medium, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1990, Society Exploration Geoph., 1990, pp. 14–17.
11. Boström, A. and Burden, A., Propagation of Elastic Surface Waves along a Cylindrical Cavity and Their Excitation by a Point Force, J. Acoustical Society of America, 1982, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 998–1004.
12. Petrashen’, G.I., Molotkov, L.А., and Krauklis, P.V., Volny v sloisto-odnorodnykh izotropnykh uprugikh sredakh (Waves in Layered Homogeneous Isotropic Elastic Media), Leningrad: Nauka, 1985.
13. Kaufman, A.A., Levshin, A., and Larner, K.N., Acoustic and Elastic Wave Fields in Geophysics, Amsterdam, 2002.
14. Kaufman, A. and Levshin, A.L., Acoustic and Elastic Wave Fields in Geophysics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.
15. White, J.E., Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics (V18) Underground Sound: Application of Seismic Waves, Elsevier, 1983.
16. Kuznetsov, О.L., Krutin, V.N., and Kit, K.I., Physical Foundations of Acoustic Impedance Logging Based on the Excitation of Bending Waves in a Borehole, Geolog. Geofiz., 1989, no. 9, pp. 112–117.
17. Stilke, G., On Elastic Surface Waves at a Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Solid, Geophys. Prospecting, 1959, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 273–286.
18. Essen, K., Bohlen, T., Friederich, W., and Meier, T., Modelling of Rayleigh-Type Seam Waves in Disturbed Coal Seams and around a Coal Mine Roadway, Geophys. J. Int., 2007, vol. 170, no. 2, pp. 511–526.
19. Marple Jr., S.L., Digital Spectral Analysis: with Applications, Prentice-Hall, 1987.
SCALE FACTORS IN GEOMECHANICS
B. Z. Amusin
Retired, New York, 11235 USA
e-mail: amusinbo@gmail.com
This study addresses the limitations of conventional methods employed in Rock Mass Classifications for establishing scale factors. An innovative approach is introduced to determine scale factors pertaining to rock mass strength, deformation modulus, creep behavior, and angle of internal friction (AIF). Rooted in fractal analysis principles, the approach relies on the constancy of the ratio of block dimension to joint spacing within hierarchical blocky structures. The scale factor for rock mass strength is determined based on insights gleaned from Kim’s models of blocky structures with varying intact strengths of equivalent materials, tested under uniaxial compressive stress. Equations for quantifying the reduction in elastic constants over time are presented. Additionally, the author introduces the creep constant to tackle viscoelastic issues. Furthermore, correlation equations for four types of rock have been formulated to determine the creep constant as a function of modulus elasticity. It was found, based on an elastic-plastic solution, that the ratio of displacements at the opening contour to displacements within the non-elastic zone can be approximated by a function that relies solely on the AIF. This concept was then utilized to determine the AIF of the rock mass through back analysis of field measurements. Examples of this approach under diverse geomechanical conditions are discussed, including observations on the decreasing AIF over time. Furthermore, two hypotheses are posited: Hypothesis A suggests that the scale factor for the same block structure is contingent on intact compressive strength with lower values for hard, brittle rock compared to soft, plastic rock; Hypothesis B proposes that the duration of stress relaxation and creep deformation may escalate with the scale of the rock mass. While the author presents preliminary evidence in support of these hypotheses, further investigation is warranted to pinpoint specific contributing factors.
Rock mass classifications, scale factors, creep, mechanical characteristics of rock mass, fractal analysis
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050028
REFERENCES
1. Bieniawski, Z.T., Geomechanics Classifications of Jointed Rock Masses, Trans S Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng., 1973, vol. 15, pp. 335–344.
2. Barton, N., Lien, R., and Lunde, J., Engineering Classification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel Support, Rock Mech., 1974, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 189–236.
3. Hoek, E., Strength of Rock and Rock Masses, ISRM News J., 1994, vol. 2, pp. 4–16.
4. Rukovodstvo po proektirovaniyu podzemnykh gornykh vyrabotok i raschetu krepi (Guidelines on Design of Mine Openings and Support), Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1983.
5. Aydan, O. and Dalgic, S., Prediction of Deformation Behavior of 3-Lanes Bolu Tunnels through Squeezing Rocks of NAFZ, Proc. Regional Symp. Sedimentary Rock Eng., Taipei, Taiwan, 1998.
6. Kalamaras, G.S. and Bieniawski, Z.T., A Rock Mass Strength Concept for Coal Incorporating the Factor of Time, Proc. of the 8th Int. Congress on Rock Mech., 1995, vol. 1, pp. 295–302.
7. Hoek, E. and Brown, E. T., Practical Estimates of Rock Mass Strength, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1997, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1165–1186.
8. Yudhbir, R.K., Lemanza, W., and Prinzl, F., An Empirical Failure Criterion for Rock Masses, Proc. 5th Int. Congress on Rock Mech., 1983, vol. 1, pp. B1–B8.
9. Ardashev, K.A., Amusin, B.Z., and Koshelev, V.F., Rekomendatsii po raschetu smeshchenii kontura I nagruzok na krep’ gornykh vyrabotok po eksperimental’nym pokazatelyam deformirovaniya porod za predelom prochnosti (Recommendations on Calculation of Boundary Displacements and Support Loading in Mine Openings from Experimental Data of Rock Deformation Beyond Limit Strength), Leningrad: VNIMI, 1982.
10. Amusin, B., Theoretical–Experimental Method for Management of Rock Pressure in Mine Openings, Proc. 7th Int. Geomechanics Conf., 2016, pp. 85–93.
11. Barton, N., Some New Q-Value Correlations to Assist in Site Characterization and Tunnel Design, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2002, vol. 39, pp. 185–216.
12. Peck, W., Determining the Stress Reduction Factor in Highly Stressed Joint Rock, Aust. Geomech., 2000, vol. 35, vo. 2.
13. Basinsky, Yu.M. and Ivanov, E.A., Dependence of Rock Pressure-Induced Events in Deep Permanent Roadways in Central Donbas on Principal Geological and Geotechnical Factors, Trudy VNIMI, 1972, no. 85, pp. 79–84.
14. Amusin, B.Z. and Shklyarsky, M.F., Modeling Static Operation of Mine Roof Support, Modeling Method in Geomechanics in Mining: Proceedings, Leningrad, 1972, pp. 22–24.
15. Glushikhin, F.P., Kuznetsov, G.N., Shklyarsky, M.F., Pavlov, V.N., and Zlotnikov, M.S., Modelirovanie v geomekhanike (Modeling in Geomechanics), Moscow: Nedra, 1991.
16. Kim, D.N., Lab-Scale Analysis of Structural Weakening in Jointed Rocks by Strength Modeling, Trudy IGD UF AN SSSR, 1963, no. 5, pp. 97–105.
17. Hoek, E. and Marinos, P.G., Predicting Tunnel Squeezing Problems in Weak Heterogeneous Rock Masses, Tunnels Tunnel. Int., 2000, vol. 132, no. 11, pp. 45–51.
18. Barton, N.R., A Relationship between Joint Roughness and Joint Shear Strength, Proc. Int. Symp. on Rock Mech., Nancy, 1971, pp. 1–8.
19. Bandis, S., Experimental Studies of Scale Factor on Shear Strength and Deformation of Rock Joints, PhD Thesis, Univ. of Leeds, Dept. of Earth Sci., 1980.
20. Sadovsky, M.A., Natural Lumpiness of Rocks, Dokl. AN SSSR, 1979, vol. 247, no. 4, pp. 829–831.
21. Mandelbrot, B.B., The Fractal Geometry of Nature, San-Francisco, Freeman, 1982.
22. Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I., Order Out of Chaos. Man’s New Dialogue with Nature, Heinemann, London, 1984.
23. Makarov, P.V., Smolin, I.Yu, Stefanov, Yu.P., Kuznetsov, P.V., Trubitsyn, A.A., Trubitsyna, N.V., Voroshilov, S.P., and Voroshilov, Ya.S., Nelineinaya mekanika geomaterialov i geosred (Nonlinear Mechanics of Geomaterials and Geomedia), Novosibirsk: Geo, 2007.
24. Cai, M., Kaiser, P.K., Uno, H., Tasaka, Y., and Minami, M., Estimation of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus and Strength of Jointed Hard Rock Masses Using the GSI System, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2004, vol. 41, pp. 3–19.
25. Changtai Zhou, Heping Xie, Zhihe Wang, Tao Zhou, and Jianbo Zhu, A Novel Fractal–Statistical Scaling Model of Rocks Considering Strain Rate, J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 2023, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 2831–2841.
26. Zhurkov, S.N., Kinetic Concept of Failure of Solid, Vestn. AN SSSR, 1968, no. 3, pp. 46–52.
27. Kartashov, Yu.M., Matveev, B.V., Mikheev, G.V., and Fadeev, A.B., Prochnost’ i deformiruemost’ gornykh porod (Strength and Deformability of Rocks), Moscow: Nedra, 1979.
28. Eisenberg, J. and Amusin, B., Design Methodology for Intersection of Underground Openings, Proc. European Rock Mech. Symp., Lausanne, Switzerland, 2010, pp. 383–386.
29. Palstrom, A. and Singh, R., The Deformation Modulus of Rock Masses—Comparisons between In Situ Tests and Indirect Estimates, Tunnel. Underground Space Technol., 2001, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 115–123.
30. Amusin, B. and Linkov, A., About Using of Variable Modulus for Solution of One Class of Problems of Linear Creep, Proc. Academy of Science USSR, Mechanics of Solid Body, 1974, vol. 6, pp. 162–166.
31. Amusin, B.Z. and Karelin, N.A., Correlation Relations between Rheological Properties and Elastic Modulus in Coal-Bearing Rocks and Coal, Stability and Support of Mine Roadways, 1976, issue 3, pp. 78–82.
32. Erzhanov, Zh.S., Teoriya polzuchesti gornykh porod i ee prilozheniya (Theory of Creep in Rocks and Applications), Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1964.
33. Dudushkina, K.I. and Bobrov, G.F., Ispytaniya porod na polzuchest’ (Creep Testing of Rocks), Novosibirsk: SO AN SSSR, 1972.
34. Zhuravel’ A.A., Laboratory and In Situ Research of Rheology of Enclosing Rocks in the Kuznetsk Basin, Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Alma-Ata: IMiM AN KazSSR, 1971.
35. Glushko, V.T., Cherednichenko, V.P., and Usatenko, B.S., Reologiya gornogo massiva (Rock Mass Rheology), Kiev: Nauk. Dumka, 1981.
36. Amusin, B.Z. and Baryakh, A.A., Consideration of Concrete Creep in Calculations of Loads on Mine Working Supports, Soviet Min. Sci., 1981, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 20–22.
37. Xu Hongfa, Study on the Time Factor of Soft Rock Strength and Elastic Modulus, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 1997, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 246–251.
38. Kilian, H.G., Vettegren, V.I., and Svetlov, V.N., Defect Ensembles on the Surface of Loaded Metals as a Result of Their Reversible Aggregation, Physics of the Solid State, 2000, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 2083–2088.
39. Goodman, R.E., Taylor, R.L., and Brekke, T.L., A model for the Mechanics of Jointed Rock, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 1968, vol. 982, no. 94, pp. 637–659.
40. Fisenko, G.L., Ardashev, K.A., Amusin, B.Z., and Korshunov, V.A., Inclusion of Structural Weakining of Rocks in Calculation of Displacements and Support Loading in Underground Structures, Integrated Analysis of Physical Properties and Processes in Rocks: The 8th International Conference Proceedings, Moscow: 1984.
41. Amusin, B. and Koshelev, V., Evaluation of Mechanical Characteristics of Rock Mass for Design of Underground, Future Development of Rock Mechanics, Graz, Austria, 2015, pp. 523–528.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION WITH DEPTH ON INITIAL STRESS FIELD AND ITS REDISTRIBUTION DURING MINING IN STRATIFIED ROCK MASS
V. M. Seryakov
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: vser@misd.ru
The author calculates initial stress state generated under the action of gravity and temperature which changes linearly with depth in stratified rock mass. It is shown that the dominant influence is exerted on the initial stress distribution by the parameter δ which is a ratio of products of triaxial compression moduli and linear expansion factors of rock layers. In two-layer rock mass, when δ calculated as a ratio of thermomechanical characteristics of the upper and lower layers is higher than one, the temperature effect results that the tensile vertical stresses are induced in the lower layer; when suchwise calculated δ is lower than one, the compressive vertical stresses arise in the lower layer. In case of a great divergence of δ from one, in the lower layer, the initial vertical and horizontal stresses increase jump-wise, and the stress pattern resembles a hydrostatic stress distribution. The author performed mathematical modeling of thermal stress field redistribution during advancing undercut-and-fill operations. The software used in the calculations took into account the backfill sequence. The features of stresses in enclosing rock mass and in backfill were revealed.
Rock temperature, great depths, stratified rock mass, initial stress state, thermophysical and mechanical characteristics, mathematical modeling, mined-out stope, backfill, operation sequence
DOI: 10.1134/S106273912405003X
REFERENCES
1. Goncharov, S. A., Termodinamika (Thermodynamics), Moscow: MGGU, 2002.
2. Seryakov, V.M., Thermal Stress State in the Vicinity of Underground Roadways, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 901–910.
3. Sergunin, M.P. and Eremenko, V.A., Determining Parameters of Original Stress Field in Rock Mass in Zapolyarny Mine, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2019, no. 4, pp. 63–74.
4. Zubkov, A.V., Sentyabov, S.M., and Selin, K.V., A Technique for Determination of Natural Stresses in Rock Masses by Surface Deformation Using Satellite Navigation Systems, Litosfera, 2019, no. 5, pp. 767–779. DOI: 10.24930/1681-9004-2019-19-5-767-779
5. Petrochenkov, R.G., Ratio of Vertical to Horizontal Stresses in Uniform Rock Mas with Regard to Thermal Stresses, GIAB, 2000, no. 10, pp. 61–68.
6. Podstrigach, Ya.S., Teplouprugost’ tel neodnorodnoi struktury (Thermal Elasticity of Bodies with Nonuniform Structure), Moscow: Nauka, 1984.
7. Boley, B.A. and Weiner, J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, Courier Corporation, 2012.
8. Lykov, A.V., Teoriya teploprovodnosti (Theory of Thermal Conduction), Moscow: Vysh. Shkola, 1967.
9. Zienkiewicz, O.C. The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science, London–New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971.
10. Avchyan, G.M., Fizicheskie svoistva osadochnykh porod pri vysokikh davleniyakh i temperaturakh (Physical Properties of Sedimentary Strata under High Pressures and Temperatures), Moscow: Nedra, 1972.
11. Gavrilev, R.I., Teplofizicheskie svoistva gornykh porod i nadpochvennykh pokrovov kriolitozony (Thermophysical Properties of Rocks and Over-Soil Cover in Permafrost Zone), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 1998.
12. Spravochnik (kadastr) fizicheskikh svoistv gornykh porod (Reference Book (Cadaster) on Physical Properties of Rocks), Moscow: Nedra, 1975.
13. Babaev, V.V., Budymka, V.F., Dombrovsky, M.A., and Sergeeva, T.A., Teplofizicheskie svoistva gornykh porod (Thermophysical Properties of Rocks), Moscow: Nedra, 1987.
14. Turchaninov, I.A., Iofis, M.A., and Kaspar’ayn, E.V., Osnovy mekhaniki gornykh porod (Basic Mechanics of Rocks), Leningrad: Nedra, 1989.
15. Volkov, E.P. and Anushenkov, A.N., Razrabotak tekhnologii zakladki gornykh vyrabotok litymi tverdeyushchimi smesyami na osnove khvostov obogashcheniya (Technology of Cemented Paste Backfill Using Tailings), Krasnoyarsk: SFU, 2020.
16. Montyanova, A.N., Formirovanie zakladochnykh massivov pri razrabotke almaznykh mestorozhdenii v kriolitozone (Formation of Backfill Masses in Mining Diamond Deposits in Permafrost Zone), Moscow: Gornaya kniga, 2005.
17. Lizunkin, M.V., Justification of Underground Mining Technology for Structurally Complex Ore Bodies, Dr. Tech. Sci. Dissertation Theses, Chita, 2021.
ESTIMATION OF LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF MINE SHAFT TUBING IN SALT ROCKS
V. V. Tarasov*, V. N. Aptukov**, O. V. Ivanov, and P. V. Nikolaev
VNII Galurgii JSC, Perm, 614000 Russia
*e-mail: Vladislav.Tarasov@uralkali.com
Perm State National Research University, Perm, 614000 Russia
**e-mail: Aptukov@psu.ru
The article describes the calculated temporal development of the stress–strain behavior for the tubing support–concrete lining–rock mass using a finished 3D numerical model. The model passed verification with the help of laser scanning data on tubing support in two shafts. The factors of safety are obtained in terms of compressive stresses and strains. The authors make recommendations on using tubing of certain sizes in shafts 7 and 8 m in diameter at different depths.
Mine shaft, salt rocks, tubing support, load-bearing capacity, numerical modeling
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050041
REFERENCES
1. Ol’khovikov, Yu.P., Krep’ kapital’nykh vyrabotok kaliynykh i solyanykh rudnikov (Permanent Mine Support in Potash and Salt Mines), Moscow: Nedra, 1984.
2. Tarasov, V.V., Aptukov, V.N., and Ivanov, O.V., Comprehensive Assessment of Deformation of Rigid Reinforcing System during Convergence of Mine Shaft Lining in Unstable Rocks, J. Min. Inst., 2024, vol. 255, pp. 305–315.
3. Kachurin, N.M., Mel’nik, V.V., Solov’ev, D.A., and Solov’ev, R.A. Stress–Strain Behavior of Vertical Shaft Support during Replacement of Segmental Tubing, Izv. TulGU. Tekhn. Nauki, 2023, no. 4, pp. 238–244.
4. Protosenya, A.G. and Katerov, A.M., Development of Stress and Strain State of Combined Support for a Vertical Shaft Driven in Salt Massif, MIAB, 2022, no. 6-1, pp. 100–113.
5. Pankratenko, A.N., Mashin, A.N., Nasonov, A.A., and Parinov, D.S., Features of Structural Assessment of Long Life Mine Shafts, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2023, no. 1, pp. 20–26.
6. Lie, J., Wu, F., Zou, Q., Chen, J., Ren, S., and Zhang, C., A Variable-Order Fractional Derivative Creep Constitutive Model of Salt Rock Based on Damage Effect, Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 2021, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–16.
7. Niedbalski, Z. and Małkowski, P., Difficulties in Maintaining Shaft Lining—Testing Methods and Repair Methods— A Case Study, E3S Web of Conferences, 2020, Vol. 201. 01016.
8. Tarasov, V.V. and Ivanov, O.V., Reconstruction of the Concrete Lining of the Mine Shaft 3 of Berezniki Potash Plant and Mine 2 of Uralkali PJSC in Conditions of Continuous Production, MIAB, 2016, no. 9, pp. 303–315.
9. Bulychev, N.S. and Abramson, H.I., Krep’ vertikal’nykh stvolov shakht (Vertical Mine Shaft Support), Moscow: Nedra, 1978.
10. Bulychev, N.S., Mekhanika podzemnykh sooruzhenii (Mechanics of Underground Structures), Moscow: Nedra, 1982.
11. Protosenya, A.G., Karasev, M.A., Katerov, A.M., and Petrushin, V.V., Approaches to Stress–Strain Behavior Prediction in Vertical Shaft Lining in Salt Rock Mass: Review, Transport., Gorn. Stroit. Mashinostoen.: Nauka Proizvodstvo, 2023, no. 19, pp. 129–137.
12. Pleshko, M.S., Sil’chenko, Yu.A., Pankratenko, A.N., and Nasonov, A.A., Improvement of the Analysis and Calculation Methods of Mine Shaft Design, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2019, no. 12, pp. 55–66.
13. Tarasov, V.V., Aptukov, V.N., Ivanov, O.V. and Nikolaev, P.V., Technical Evaluation of Concrete Lining in Mine Shafts at the Upper Kama Salt Deposit, Journal of Mining Science, 2024, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 52–60.
14. Georgiannou, V.N., Serafis, A., and Pavlopoulou, E.M., Analysis of a Vertical Segmental Shaft Using 2D and 3D Finite Element Codes, Int. J. Geomate, 2017, vol. 13, pp. 138–146.
15. Hasan, O. and Erdogan, G., A Methodology for Lining Design of Circular Mine Shafts in Different Rock Masses, Int. J. Min. Sci. Tech., 2016, vol. 26 (5), pp. 761–768.
16. Fabich, S., Bauer, J., Rajczakowska, M., and Switon, S., Design of the Shaft LiningaAnd Shaft Stations for Deep Polymetallic Ore Deposits: Victoria Mine Case Study, Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 22, pp. 127–146.
17. Tiutkin, O., Miroshnyk, V., Radkevych, A., and Alkhdour, A., Nonuniform Stress State of a Hoisting Shaft Lining as a Result of Disturbance of the Ground Freezing Technology, E3S Web of Conferences, 2019, vol. 109, pp. 1–6.
18. Jendryś, M., Analysis of Stress State in Mine Shaft Lining, Taking into Account Superficial Defects, IOP Conf. Series Earth Env. Sci., 2019, vol. 261, no. 1. 012016.
19. Demenkov, P.A. and Romanova, E.L., Approaches to Support Design in Vertical Shafts in Faulted Zones, Izv. TulGU. Tekhn. Nauki, 2022, no. 4, pp. 223–236.
20. Kachanov, L.M., Osnovy teorii plastichnosti (Plasticity Theory), Moscow: Nauka, 1969.
21. Aptukov, V.N. and Volegov, S.V., Modeling Concentration of Residual Stresses and Damages in Salt Rock Cores, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 331–338.
22. Tarasov, V.V., Aptukov, V.N., and Pestrikova, V.S., Deformation and Failure of Concrete Lining in Vertical Shaft at Intersections with Horizontal Tunnels, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 726–731,
23. Kachurin, N.M., Afanas’ev, I.A., Tarasov, V.V., and Pestrikova, V.S. Investigation of Geometrics and Material Strength of Tubing in Shaft No. 3 in Solikamsk Mine-3, Izv. TulGU. Nauki o Zemple, 2014, no. 4, pp. 100–108.
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF GRANULAR MATERIALS FROM UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST DATA
G. P. Starikov*, T. N. Mel’nik***, and S. V. Shatokhin**
Institute of Physics of Mining Processes, Donetsk, 283048 Russia
*e-mail: ifgpdnr@mail.ru
**e-mail: shatohin-sergej@mail.ru
Galkin Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering, Donetsk, 283048 Russia
***e-mail: tatmeln18@mail.ru
The framework of the research are Bridgman’s and Farbman’s models for viscosity of powders. The article reports the uniaxial compression test data for powdered materials. The authors give examples of calculation of viscosity for coal, quartz, sandstone and sandy shale.
Solid body viscosity, granular material, Bridgman’s and Farbman’s models, granular material viscosity
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050053
REFERENCES
1. Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M., Theory of Elasticity, Pergamon Press, 1970.
2. Zakharov, V.S. and Smirnov V.B. Fizika Zemli (Physics of the Earth), Moscow: Infra-M, 2016.
3. Chebotarev, P.N., Correlating Failure Viscosity and Strength of Coal, Izv. TulGU. Tekh. Nauki, 2013, no. 9, pp. 88–93.
4. Bridgman, P.W., General Survey of Certain Results in the Field of High-Pressure Physics, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964, Elsevier Publ. Company, Amsterdam, 1964.
5. Yaroslavsky, M.A. Reologicheskii vzryv (Rheological Explosion), Moscow: Nauka, 1982.
6. Fateev, E.G., Low-Viscous Fluidity of Solid Dispersed in Bridgman’s Model, J. Tekh. Fiz., 2005, vol.75, no. 2, pp. 53–56.
7. Starikov, G.P., Borisenko, E.V., Mel’nik, T.N., Shatokhin, S.V., and Yakimchuk, N.V., Application of Rheological Models of Solids to Experimental Determination of Mechanical and Kinetic Properties, FTVD, 2024, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 103–114.
8. Starikov, G.P., Mel’nik, T.N., and Neskreba, T.A., Determination of Strength of Dispersed Rocks, Fiz. Tekh. Vysok. Davl., 2020, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 83–92.
9. Mel’nik, T.N., Borisenko, E.V., Kravchenko, A.V., Prokof’eva, L.N., and Ivashchenko, V.D., Determination Method for Coal–Rock Mass Strength Using Two-Fraction Compression Model of Granules with Variable Radius, FTDV, 2023, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 72–82.
10. Tsoi, P.A. and Usol’tseva, O.M., Use of Mohr’s Circles for Connection and Model Estimation of Strength Data of Different-Size Rock Samples, Journal of Mining Science, 2019, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 194–200.
11. Nazarova, L.A., Nazarov, L.A., and GHolikov, N.A., Assessment of Rheological Properties of Bazhenov Formation by Thermobaric Test Data, Journal of Mining Science, 2017, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 434–440.
STUDY ON CREEP FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTED SOFT ROCK
Hongbao Zhao, Huhu Wan*, Shaoqiang Liu, Hui Cheng, and Chaonan Chen
School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,
Beijing, 100083China
*e-mail: huhuwan.cn@gmail.com
The shear creep failure mechanism of jointed soft rocks is a critical issue in geotechnical engineering. Using the discrete element method, a numerical model of jointed soft rocks was constructed to simulate shear creep under varying joint roughness, normal stress and shear directions. The effects of multiple factors on the creep deformation of soft rocks were then analyzed. Results indicate that the amount of creep deformation in soft rocks significantly decreases with an increase in joint roughness and with an increase in normal stress. However, the influence of shear direction on creep deformation is relatively minor. This study lays a foundation for further research into the creep behavior of soft rocks.
Soft rock, joint, shear creep, discrete element method
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050065
REFERENCES
1. Bryan, L.M., Fluid Mechanics, Tritech Digital Media, 2018.
2. Sun, J., Rock Rheological Mechanics and its Advance in Engineering Applications, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2007, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1081–1106.
3. Li, Y., Yu, H., and Liu, H., Study of Creep Constitutive Model of Silty Mudstone under Triaxial Compression, 2012, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 2035–2040.
4. Kabwe, E., Verification and Implementation of a Creep Model Considering the Duvautlion Overstress Function, Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, 2021, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1761–1771.
5. Griggs, D., Creep of Rocks, J. Geol., 1939, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 225–251.
6. Zhang, Z.L., Xu, W.Y.; Wang, W., et al., Triaxial Creep Tests of Rock from the Compressive Zone of Dam Foundation in Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2012, no. 50, pp. 133–139.
7. Yang, S.Q. and Cheng, L., Nonstationary and Nonlinear Viscoelastic Shear Creep Model for Shale, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2011, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1011–1020.
8. Li, J., Zhu, L., Zhou, K., et al., Nonlinear Creep Damage Model of Sandstone under Freeze-Thaw Cycle, J. Cent. South Univ., 2021, no. 28, pp. 954–967.
9. Tulinov, R. and Molokov, L., Role of Joint Filling Material in Shear Strength of Rocks, Symp. Int. Soc. of Rock Mechanics, Nancy, 1971.
10. Indraratna, B., Haque, A., and Aziz, N., Shear Behavior of Idealized Infilled Joints under Constant Normal Stiffness, Geotechnique, 1999, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 331–355.
11. Papaliangas, T., Lumsden, A., Hencher, S., et al., Shear Strength of Modeled Filled Rock Joints, Rock Joints, 1990.
12. Cundall, P.A., A Computer Model for Simulating Progressive Large Scale Movements in Blocky System, Proc. Symp. Int. Soc. for Rock Mechanics, 1971, pp. 129–132.
13. Yu, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, J., et al., Experimental and Constitutive Model Study on the Mechanical Properties of a Joint of a Rock Mass under Dynamic Disturbance, Sci. Rep., 2022, no. 12, p. 21238.
14. Li, G., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., et al., Shear Creep Mechanical Properties and Damage Model of Mudstone in Open-Pit Coal Mine, Sci. Rep., 2022, no. 12, p. 5148.
15. Son, M., Shear Strength of Rock Joints and its Estimation, KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 2020, no. 24, pp. 2931–2938.
16. Barton, N., Shear Strength Criteria for Rock, Rock Joints, Rockfill and Rock Masses: Problems and some Solutions, J. Rock Mech. and Geotechnical Eng., 2013, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 249–261.
17. Chang, X. and Burger, M., Burger’s Bonded Model for Distinct Element Simulation of the Multi-Factor Full Creep Process of Soft Rock, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 2020, no. 8, pp. 1–18.
18. Cho, N., Martin, C.D., and Sego, D.C., A Clumped Particle Model for Rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2007, no. 44, pp. 997–1010.
19. Itasca. Users’ Manual for Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimensions PFC2D, Version 6.0, Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., Minneapolis, USA, 2018.
20. Xu, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, W., Lin, P. and Wu, J., An Integrated Parameter Calibration Method and Sensitivity Analysis of Microparameters on Mechanical Behavior of Transversely Isotropic Rocks, Comput. Geotech., 2022, no. 142, p. 104573.
21. Li, Z. and Rao, Q., Quantitative Determination of PFC3D Microscopic Parameters, J. Cent. South Univ., 2021, no. 28, pp. 911–925.
22. Do, H.Q., Aragón, A.M. and Schott, D.L., A Calibration Framework for Discrete Element Model Parameters Using Genetic Algorithms, Adv. Powder Technol, 2018, no. 29, pp. 1393–1403.
23. Zhou, Z., Bai, S., Chu, K., et al., Calibration of DEM Macro and Micro Parameters via XGBoost Method, Granular Matter, 2022, no. 106, p. 24.
24. Pan, W., Yang, W., Wu, F., He, C., Zhao, L., Yao, R., and Fu, J., Layered Soft Rock Simulation Based on Uniaxial and Triaxial Tests and Direct Shear Test, Rock and Soil Mech., 2022, no. 43(12), pp. 3437–3452.
25. Li, T., Luo, S., He, J., et al., Determination and Application of Mechanical Parameters for Jointed Rock Masses, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2004, no. 23(13), pp. 2182–2186.
26. Zhao, W., Wu, S., Gao, Y., et al., Numerical Modeling and Mechanical Parameters Determination of Jointed Rock Mass, Chinese J. Eng., 2015, no. 37(12), pp. 1542–1549.
27. Chai, B, Tao, Y., Du, J., et al., Energetics Parameters Estimation of Joint Rock Mass Based on Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion, Bull. Geological Sci. Technol., 2020, no. 39(1), pp. 78–85.
28. Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C., and Corkum, B., Hoek Brown Failure Criterion, Proc. North Am. Rock Mechanics Soc. NARMS-TAC, Toronto; University of Toronto Press, 2002, pp. 267–273.
29. Barton, N., Review of a New Shear Strength Criterion for Rock joints, Eng. Geology, 1973, vol. 7, pp. 579–602.
ROCK FRACTURE
PREDICTION OF GROUND SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS FROM STUDIES OF DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF MOIST ROCKS
E. V. Borisenko*, F. M. Golubev**, and S. A. Popovich
Institute of Physics of Mining Processes, Donetsk, 283050 Russia
*e-mail: ehd207@yandex.ru
Republican Academic R&D Institute of Mining Geology, Geomechanics, Geophysics and Mine Surveying,
Donetsk, 283001 Russia
**e-mail: f_golubev@list.ru
The article describes experimental studies on water saturation of samples of major rock types typical of the Donbas. The alterations of deformation properties of moist rocks are generalized. The procedure of modeling with regard to the effect of flooding on displacement parameters in different rocks is presented. Using laboratory data, a finite-element model of activation of geomechanical processes initiated by rock mass undermining and flooding is constructed. It is found how rock mass lithology influences displacement parameters in flooding of underground roadways in coal mines being closed. The research results can help improve effective regulatory documents on ground surface displacement prediction in coal mining and mine closure through lithological analysis of coal–rock mass.
Water saturation, rock, stress, deformation properties, closure, finite-element model, zone of water-conducting cracks, displacement activation, mine roadway flooding
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050077
REFERENCES
1. Likvidatisya ugol’nykh shakht. Zashchita zemnoi poverkhnosti ot zatopleniya gornykh vyrabotok (Closure of Coal Mines. Protection of Ground Surface from Mine Flooding), Recommendations KD 12.12.004-98: Approved by the Ministry of Coal Industry of Ukraine, Donetsk, 1998.
2. Kutepov, Yu.I. and Kutepova, N.A., Methodology of Engineering Geological Study of Geotechnical Processes within Technogenically Disturbed Rockmass at Exploitation of Mineral Deposits, MIAB, 2014, no. 8, pp. 123–131.
3. Eremenko, A.A., Darbinyan, T.P., Shaposhnik, Yu.N., Usol’tseva, O.M., and Tsoi, P.A., Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ore and Rocks after Flooding, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 723–728.
4. Golubev, F.M., Geomechanical Prediction of Displacement Development in Closure of Coal Mines, RANIMI’s Transactions, 2018, no. 6 (21), pp. 367–378.
5. Grischenkova, E.N. and Mustafin, M.G., Earth Surface Monitoring on Undermined Territories, Innovation-Based Development of the Mineral Resources Sector: Challenges and Prospects—11th Russian-German Raw Materials, 2019, pp. 95–102.
6. Tyuleneva, T.A., Improvement of Technology of Sink Elimination above Mine Openings, J. Min. and Geotechnical Eng., 2021, no. 1(12):4, pp. 4–26.
7. Approval of Regulations for Surveying, Rostekhndazor Order No. 186 as of 19 May 2023.
8. Borisenko, E.V., Guzeev, O.A., Korvyakova, N.P., and Podrukhin, A.A., Empirical Characteristics of Long-Term Water Saturation of Rock Samples from Coal-Bearing Strata in the Donbas, Problemy i perspektivy kompleksnogo osvoeniya i sokhraneniya zemnykh nedr (Problems and Prospects of Comprehensive Exploitation and Preservation of the Earth’s Bowels), Moscow: IPKON RAN, 2022.
9. Borisenko, E.V., Change in Strength Characteristics of Rock Samples from Donbass Coal-Bearing Masses during Long-Term Water Saturation, Fundamen. Prikl. Vopr. Gorn. Nauk, 2023, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 25–29.
10. Verbilo, P.E. and Karasev, M.A., Experimental and Numerical Research oi Jointed Rock Mass Anisotropy in a Three-Dimensional Stress Field, The Mining-Geology-Petroleum Engineering Bulletin, 2022, vol. 2, no. 37, pp. 109–122.
11. Protosenya, A.G. and Verbilo, P.E., Analysis of the Jointed Rock Mass Mechanical Characteristics Anisotropy under Conditions of Apatite–Nepheline Mineral Deposits, Topical Issues of Rational Use Natural Resources Proc. Int. Forum-Contest of Young Researchers, 2019, no. 1, pp. 187–197.
12. Gusev, V.N., Maliukhna, E.M., Volohov, E.M., Tulenev, M.A., and Gubin, M.Y., Assessment of Development of Water Conducting Fractures Zone in the Massif over Crown of Arch of Tunneling (Construction), Int. J. Civil Eng. and Technol., 2019, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 635–643.
13. Ponomarenko, M.R. and Kutepov, Yu.I., Volkov, M.A., and Grinuk, A.P., Satellite Methods within Integrated Land Surface Deformation Monitoring in a Mine Field, Mining Informational and Analytical Bullitin–MIAB, 2020, no. 12, pp. 103–113.
POTENTIAL SLIP SURFACE AND THE KEY UNITS FAILURE PATH OF SLOPE WITH WEAK INTERLAYER
Shaoqiang Liu, Hongbao Zhao*, Shijie Jing, and Tao Wang
National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Development ＆Utilization of Phosphate Resources, Yunnan Phosphorus Chemical Group Co. ,
Kunming, Yunnan, 650300 China
School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,
Beijing, 100083 China
*e-mail: hongbaozhaocumtb@163.com
School of Safety and Emergency Management Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology,
Taiyuan, 030024 China
To investigate the slip mechanism of the slope with weak interlayer, the location of the weak interlayer within the slope was determined by on-site monitoring using the Hequ open pit mine as the engineering background, and a three-dimensional numerical model was established based on this, and the study of the potential slip surface and key units of the slope containing weak interlayer was carried out. The potential slip surface inside the slope with weak interlayers is determined from the perspective of displacement contour and maximum shear strain increment. The principle and method of key unit identification for the slope with weak interlayer is proposed. The initial key unit on the potential slip surface of the slope with weak interlayers is identified, and the dynamic breaking path of the key unit on the potential slip surface of the slope with weak interlayers is determined.
Open pit mine, slope, weak interlayers, potential slip surface, key unit, breaking path
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050089
REFERENCES
1. Xie, H., Gao, F., and Ju, Y., Research and Development of Rock Mechanics in Deep Ground Engineering, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2015, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 2161–2178.
2. Xie, H., Ren, S., and Xie, C., Development Opportunities of the Coal Industry towards the Goal of Carbon Neutrality, J. China Coal Soc., 2021, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 2197–2211.
3. Zhang, L., Chen, Z., and Tang, Y., Study on Regional Sliding Failure Modes and Evolution Regularity of Slopes with Weak Layers, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2021, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1145–1154.
4. Liu, W., Sui, Y., Zhou, F., and Li, H., Catastrophe Analysis of Rock Mass Slope with Weak Intercalated Layers, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2006, vol. S1, pp. 2663–2669.
5. Li, Y. and Yan, Z., Influence of Weak Interlayer Parameters for Anchored Interface Shear Action of Rock Slope under Earthquake, J. Vibration Shock, 2019, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 48–53.
6. Hu, B., Li, J., Sheng, J., and Ye, Z., Crack Cause in the High Slope of Chinese Ancient Copper Mine Relics: A Three-Dimensional Non-Linear Finite Difference Analysis, J. IEEE Access, 2020, vol. 8, pp. 13987–13997.
7. Xu, P., Shang, N., and Bao, J., Stability Analysis of Slopes with Weak Layers Using Limit Analysis Method, J. Southwest Jiaotong University, 2022, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 919–925.
8. Wang, H., Huang, M., and Liu, Z., Three-Dimensional Stability Analysis of Slope with Weak Interlayer, J. Rock Soil Mech., 2013, vol. 34, no. S2, pp. 156–160.
9. Xu, B., Qian, Q., Yan, C., and Xu, H., Stability and Strengthening Analyses of Slope Rock Mass Containing Multi-Weak Interlayers, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2009, vol. 28, no. S2, pp. 3959–3964.
10. Chen, G., Huang, R., Shi, Y., and Xu, Q., Stability Analysis of Slope Based on Dynamic and Whole Strength Reduction Methods, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2014, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 243–256.
11. Fan, S., Song, Z., Zhang, Y., and Liu, N., Case Study of the Effect of Rainfall Infiltration on a Tunnel Underlying the Roadbed Slope with Weak Interlayer, KSCE J. Civil Eng., 2020, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1607–1619.
12. Rodríguez-Ochoa, R., Nadim, F., and Hicks, M.A., Influence of Weak Layers on Seismic Stability of Submarine Slopes, J. Marine Petroleum Geol., 2015, vol. 65, pp. 247–268.
13. Sun, P., Chen, X., and Wang, Y., A Global Optimization Algorithm of Upper Bound Method with Inclined Interface Blocks for Slope Stability, Shuili Xuebao, J. Hydraulic Eng., 2018, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 741–748.
14. Fan, G., Zhang, J., and Fu, X., Research on Transfer Function of Bedding Rock Slope with Soft Interlayers and its Application, J. Rock Soil Mech., 2017, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1052–1059.
15. Fan, G., Zhang, J.J., Fu, X., and Wang, Z.J., Energy Identification Method for Dynamic Failure Mode of Bedding Rock Slope with Soft Strata, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2016, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 959–966.
16. Fan, G., Zhang, J.J., Fu, X., and Wang, Z.J., Application of Transfer Function to On-Site Shaking Table Test, J. Rock Soil Mech., 2016, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 2869–2876.
17. Fan, G. and Zhang, J.J., Determination of the Seismic Displacement Relaxation Zone in the Reinforced Slope by Composite Retaining Structures, J. Rock Soil Mech., 2017, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 775–783.
18. Zhang, W.G., Meng, F.S., Chen, F., and Liu, H.L., Effects of Spatial Variability of Weak Layer and Seismic Randomness on Rock Slope Stability and Reliability Analysis, J. Soil Dynamics Earthquake Eng., 2021, vol. 146. 106735.
19. Ho, I., Numerical Study of Slope-Stabilizing Piles in Undrained Clayey Slopes with a Weak Thin Layer, Int. J. Geomechanics, 2015, vol. 15, no. 5. 6014025.
20. Abe, K., Nakamura, S., Nakamura, H., and Shiomi, K., Numerical Study on Dynamic Behavior of Slope Models Including Weak Layers from Deformation to Failure Using Material Point Method, J. Soils Foundations, 2017, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 155–175.
21. Zhao, H., Li, H., and Wang, Z., Experimental Study on Characteristics of Micro-Crack Evolution at Key Place of Potential Slip Surface of Slopes, Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2015, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 935–944.
22. Kang, K., Fomenko, I.K., Nikolskaya, O.V., and Wang, J., Probabilistic Assessment of Rock Slope Stability in Open Pit Mine Chaarat Using the Generalized Hoek–Brown Criterion, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 732–740.
THE INFLUENCE OF LOADING RATE ON ACCUMULATED ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN COAL–ROCK SAMPLES AND THEIR FAILURE BEHAVIOR
Guangbo Chen, Jing Zhang, Youjun Xu, Tan Li, Eryu Wang*, and Guohua Zhang
School of Mining and Coal, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,
Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010 China
*e-mail: 2019958@imust.edu.cn
College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology,
Qingdao, Shandong, 266590 China
School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,
Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010 China
School of Mining Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology,
Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150022 China
The difference in energy accumulation in coal and rock under the same stress level is analyzed, and it is found that the difference of energy accumulation of coal rock under the same stress level mainly depends on the elastic modulus of coal rock material. Based on the structural characteristics and mechanical properties of coal–rock, the mechanical model of combined coal–rock body was constructed and analyzed, and the calculation formula of partition energy storage of combined coal–rock body was deduced. The axial compression test of combined coal–rock body under different loading rates was designed and carried out. Finally, the differential energy instability model of the combined coal–rock body was constructed. An evaluation index of the impact tendency of the combined coal–rock body considering the elastic energy difference and the release time is proposed, which provides a multi-scale criterion for accurately evaluating the impact propensity of the combined body.
Mining engineering, coal–rock system, coal–rock combined body, adhesives, physical property analysis, brittle failure, material defect, impact tendency evaluation index
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050090
REFERENCES
1. Qian, M., Xu, J., and Wang, J., Further on the Sustainable Mining of Coal, J. China Coal Soc., 2018, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 1–13.
2. Wang, J., Engineering Practice and Theoretical Progress of Top-Coal Caving Mining Technology in China, J. China Coal Soc., 2018, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 43–51.
3. Xie, H.P., Research Review of the State Key Research Development Program of China: Deep Rock Mechanics and Mining Theory, J. China Coal Soc., 2019, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1283–1305.
4. Chen, S.J., Yin, D.W., Zhang, B.L., Ma, H.F., and Liu, X.Q., Study on Mechanical Characteristics and Progressive Failure Mechanism of Roof-Coal Pillar Structure Body, Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2017, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1588–1598.
5. Qi, Q.X., Shi, Y.W., and Liu, T.Q., Mechanism of Instability Caused by Viscous Sliding in Rock Burst, J. China Coal Soc., 1997, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 34–38.
6. Qi, Q.X., Peng, Y.W., Li, H.Y., Li, J., Wang, Y. and Li, C., Study of Bursting Liability of Coal and Rock, Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2011, vol. 30, no. S1, pp. 2736–2742.
7. Xiao, X.C., Fan, Y.F., Wu, D., Ding, X., Wang, L., and Zhao, B., Energy Dissipation Feature and Rock Burst Risk Assessment in Coal–Rock Combined Bodies, Rock and Soil Mech., 2019, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 4203–4219.
8. Xue, J.H., Chen, Z.H., Li, Y.H., Wang, J, and Li, X., Failure Characteristics of Coal–rock Combined Bodies Based on Acoustic Emission Signals, Arabian J. Geosciences, 2022, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1–10.
9. Chen, Y., Zuo, J.P., Wei, X., Song, H., and Sun, Y., Energy Nonlinear Evolution Characteristics of the Failure Behavior of Coal–Rock Combined Body, Chin. J. Undergr. Sp. Eng., 2017, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 124–132.
10. Zuo, J.P., Song, H.Q., Chen, Y., et al., Post-Peak Progressive Failure Characteristics and Nonlinear Model of Coal–Rock Combined Body, J. China Coal Soc., 2018, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 3265–3272.
11. Song, H.Q., Zuo, J.P., Chen, Y., and Li, L., Post-Peak Stress-Strain Relationship Model and Brittle Characteristics of Coal–rock Combined Body, J. Min. and Safety Eng., 2018, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 3265–3272.
12. Chen, G.B., Li, T., Yang, L., Zhang, G.H., Li, J.W., and Dong, H.J., Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanism of Combined Bodies with Different Coal–rock Ratios and Combinations, J. Min. and Strata Control Eng., 2021, vol. 3(2), pp. 84–94.
13. Du, F., Wang, K., Dong, X.L., et al., Numerical Simulation of Damage and Failure of Coal–rock Combined Body Based on CT Three-Dimensional Reconstruction, J. China Coal Soc., 2021, vol. 46, no. S1, pp. 253–262.
14. Zhao, Y.C., Gao, M.S., He, Y.L., and Xu, D., Failure Mechanism of a Coal–Rock Combined Body with Inclinations of Structural Planes and a Calculation Model for Impact Energy, Advances in Civil Eng., 2019, no. 5, pp. 1–18.
15. Chen, S.J., Yin, D.W., Jiang, N., et al., Energy Mechanism of Rock Burst in the Rock–Coal Combined Body, Proc. 9th China-Russia Symposium “Coal in the 21st Century: Mining, Intelligent Equipment and Environment Protection”, 2018.
16. Liu, W.R., Yuan, W., Yan, Y.T., and Wang, X., Analysis of Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Damage Constitutive Model of Coal–rock Combined Body Based on Particle Flow Code, Symmetry, 2019, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 1040.
17. Chen, Y., Zuo, J., Liu, D., and Wang, Z., Deformation Failure Characteristics of Coal–Rock Combined Body under Uniaxial Compression: Experimental and Numerical Investigations, Bull. Eng. Geology and the Env., 2018b, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 3449–3464.
18. Du, F., Wang, K., Wang, G.D., Jiang, Y., Xin, C., and Zhang, X., Investigation of the Acoustic Emission Characteristics during Deformation and Failure of Gas–Bearing Coal–Rock Combined Bodies, J. Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2018, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 253–266.
19. Gong, F., Ye, H., and Luo, Y., The Effect of High Loading Rate on the Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Coal–Rock Combined Body, Shock and Vibration, 2018, no. 6, pp. 1–9.
20. Zuo, J.P. and Song, H.Q., Study on Energy Evolution Law and Differential Energy Instability Model of Coal–Rock Combined Body, J. China Coal Soc., pp. 1–16.
21. Liu, J.X., Tang, C.A., Zhu, W.C., and Yang, T.H., Rock-Coal Model for Studying the Rock Burst, Chin. J. Geotechnical Eng., 2004, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 276–280.
22. Chen, G.B., Qin, Z.C., Zhang, G.H., et al., Law of Energy Distribution before Failure of a Loaded Coal–Rock Combined Body, Rock and Soil Mech., 2020, vol. 41(6), pp. 2021–2033.
23. Yin, D.W., Chen, S.J., Xing, W.B., Huang, D., and Liu, X., Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior of Roof–Coal Pillar Structure Body under Different Loading Rates, J. China Coal Soc., 2018, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1249–1257.
24. Zuo, J.P., Xie, H.P., Meng, B.B., et al., Experimental Research on Loading-Unloading Behavior of Coal–Rock Combined Bodies at Different Stress Levels, Rock and Soil Mech., 2011, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1287–1296.
25. Chen, G.B., Wang, E.Y., Wang, W.C., Li, T., and Zhang, G., Experimental Study on the Influence of Lithology and Rock–Coal Height Ratio on Mechanical Properties and Impact Effect of Combined Body, Energy Sources, Part A, Recovery, Utilization and Env. Effects, 2019, vol. 6, pp. 1–24.
MINERAL MINING TECHNOLOGY
GEOMECHANICAL JUSTIFICATION OF GROUND CONTROL METHOD USING PILLARS AND ROOF CAVING IN MINING INCLINED THIN AND MEDIUM-THICK OREBODIES
A. A. Neverov*, A. I. Konurin, S. A. Neverov, S. Yu. Vasichev, and S. A. Shchukin
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: nnn_aa@mail.ru
The authors design and estimate a room-and-pillar method for mining inclined orebodies with combination of two approaches to ground control: through natural stability of rock mass and by means of overlying rock caving. It is shown that in rock mass under tectonic stresses, it is safe to extract ore reserves from rooms and from temporal ore pillar under protection of rock overhang. Due to inclination of an ore body, rocks in the pillar and in the block bottom fail mostly by way of shearing. The efficient ratios of a minimal width of a temporal ore pillar to a span of a stope are determined.
Rock mass, orebody, fracturing, thickness, dip angle, stope, room, pillar, roof, overhang, mining, control, rock pressure, parameters, modeling, stability, failure, safety
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050107
REFERENCES
1. Borshch-Komponiets, V.I. and Makarov, A.B., Gornoe davlenie pri otrabotke moshchnykh pologikh rudnykh zalezhei (Rock Pressure in Mining Thick and Gently Dipping Orebodies), Moscow: Nedra, 1986.
2. Abeov, E.A., Baitazhikov, A.E., Zeinulin, A.A., and Zharaspaev, M.A., Justification of Admissible Roof Spans in Roof-and-Pillar Mining: A case-study of the Zhaman-Aybat deposit, Republic of Kazakhstan, Gorn. Zh. Kazakhstana, 2019, no. 5, pp. 37–41.
3. Zaitsev, O.N., Makarov, O.B., and Yun, A.B., Geomechanical substantiation of re-extraction technology for ore reserves in rib pillars from open mined-out stopes, with overlying rock caving, Marksheider. Vestn., 1999, no. 4, pp. 17–23.
4. Neverov, A.A., Neverov, S.A., Freidin, A.M., and Khmelinin, A.P., Stability of Safety Pillars and Undercut Roofs in Mixed-Type Mining of Gently Dipping Orebodies, Vestn. KuzGTU, 2013, no. 5-6.
5. Sokolov, I.V., Antipin, Yu.G., Nikitin, I.V., and Krinitsyn, R.V., Justification of Design and Parameters of Mixed Mining System for Gently Dipping Low-Grade Complex Ore Body, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2021, no. 5-1, pp. 88–104.
6. Yun, R.B., Makarov, A.B., Zaitsev, O.N., Gerasimenko, V.I., Dyusembaev, A.K., Malyshev, V.N., Polyukhovich, L.G., Gabasov, S.G., and Mamakhov, S.K., Ground Control in Pursuing Mining at the Jezkazgan Deposit, Gorny Zh., 1997, no. 7, pp. 22–25.
7. Neverov, A.A., Geomechanical Assessment of Combination Geotechnology for Thick Flat-Dipping Ore Bodies, Journal of Mining Science, 2014, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 115–125.
8. Makarov, A.B., Validation of Permissible Parameters for Rooms and Pillars, Fundament. Prikl. Vopr. Gorn. Nauk, 2015, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 261–267.
9. Neverov, A.A., Neverov, S.A., Tapsiev, A.P., Shchukin, S.A., and Vasichev, S.Yu., Substantiation of Geotechnologies for Underground Ore Mining Based on the Model Representations of Change in the Natural Stress Field Parameters, Journal of Mining Science, 2019, vo. 55, no. 4, pp. 582–595.
10. Zienkiewicz, O.C., The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science, McGraw Hill, 1971.
11. Fadeev, A.B., Metod konechnykh elementov v geomekhanike (The Finite Element Method in Geomechancs), Moscow: Nedra, 1987.
12. Konurin, A.I., Neverov, S.A., Neverov, A.A., and Shchukin, S.A., Problem of Numerical Modeling of Stress–Strain State and Stability of Fractured Rock Mass, Fundament. Prikl. Vopr. Gorn. Nauk, 2019, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 144–150.
13. Aizhong Lu, Ning Zhang, and Guisen Zeng, An Extension Failure Criterion for Brittle Rock, Deep Rock Behaviour Eng. Env., 2020, vol. 2020, pp. 1–12.
14. Abdellah Wael, R., Serviceability Analysis of Deep Underground Openings Driven in Jointed Rock, Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., 2017, vol. 27, pp. 1019–1024.
15. Makarov A.B., Livinsky, I.S., Spirin, V.I., and Pavlovich, A.A., Comparison of Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Methods to Slope Stability Estimation, Proc. of the 2018 European Rock Mechanics Symposium EUROCK 2018 (Geomechanics and Geodynamics of Rock Masses), London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2018, pp. 845–850.
16. Bidgoli Majid Noorian, Zhao Zhihong, and Jing Lanru, Numerical Evaluation of Strength and Deformability of Fractured Rocks, J. Rock Mech. and Geotech. Eng., 2013, vol. 5(6), pp. 419–430.
17. Elmo Davide, Doug Stead, and Davide Elmo, An Integrated Numerical Modeling—Discrete Fracture Network Approach Applied to the Characterization of Rock Mass Strength of Naturally Fractured Pillars, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2010, vol. 43(3), pp. 3–19.
18. Ahashenko, A.N., Sdvizhkova, E.A., and Gapeev, S.N., Deformiruemost’ i prochnost’ massivov gornykh porod (Deformability and Strength of Rock Masses), Dnepropetrovsk: Nats. Gorn. Univer., 2008.
19. Jian Ping Yang, Chen Wei Zhong, Dian Sen Yang, and Jing Qiang Yuan, Numerical Determination of Strength and Deformability of Fractured Rock Mass by FEM Modeling, Computers and Geotechnics, 2015, vol. 64, pp. 20–31.
20. Alejano, R., Perucho Áurea, Olalla Claudio, and Jiménez Rafael, Rock Engineering and Rock Mechanics: Structures in and on Rock Masses, CRC Press, 2014.
21. Barton, N., Shear Strength Criteria for Rock, Rock Joints, Rockfill and Rock Masses: Problems and Some Solutions, J. Rock Mech. and Geotech. Eng., 2013, vol. 5(4), pp. 249–261.
22. Jaeger, J.C., Cook, N.G., and Zimmerman, R.W., Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, Blackwell, 2007.
23. Brady, B.H.G. and Brown, E.T., Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005.
SCIENCE OF MINING MACHINES
PREDICTION OF DRILLABILITY OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
J. A. Kayani*, M. Kh. Zahoor, M. Z. Emad, and A. S. A. Shahid
University of Engineering and Technology—UET Lahore, Pakistan
*e-mail: jehanzaibaftab@gmail.com
King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals—KFUPM Djajran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Fundamental considerations like drillability and tool wear may be pondered for the development of deep well drilling for oil and gas, and tunneling projects. Careful considerations of key parameters may enhance the advance rate, operational costs, activity completion timeline and inventory control for spares. NTNU/SINTEF developed drilling rate index (DRI), bit wear index (BWI) and cutter life index (CLI) to quantify drilling and TBM related parameters. Until now, most of the research work has been carried out to develop models in order to recognize the effects of rock properties on drillability. However, very little if no studies have been conducted on the prediction of bit wear using BWI. This work deals with the effects of different geo-mechanical parameters of rocks on the drillability and the bit wear. The work shows that both drillability and bit wear are affected by the physical and strength parameters of rocks. Moreover, various statistical models (with R2≥0.83) have been developed through simple linear regression analysis (SLRA) and multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) for the prediction of NTNU/SINTEF indices (DRI and BWI).
Drilling Rate Index (DRI), Bit Wear Index (BWI), Khewra sandstone (KSS), Samanasukh limestone (SLS), regression coefficient (R)
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050119
REFERENCES
1. Khorzoughi, M.B. and Hall, R., Processing of Measurement while Drilling Data for Rock Mass Characterization, Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., 2016, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 989–994.
2. Yasar, S., Capik, M., and Yilmaz, A.O., Cuttability Assessment Using the Drilling Rate Iindex, Bul. Eng. Geol. Env., 2015, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1349–1361.
3. Fowell, R. and Abu Bakar, M., A Review of the Cerchar and LCPC Rock Abrasivity Measurement Methods, Proc. 11th Congress Int. Soc. Rock Mech., 2007.
4. Plinninger, R.J., Abrasiveness Assessment for Hard Rock Drilling, Geomech. Tunnelbau, 2008, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 38–46.
5. Ataei, M., KaKaie, R., Ghavidel, M., and Saeidi, O., Drilling Rate Prediction of an Open Pit Mine Using the Rock Mass Drillability Index, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2014, vol. 73, pp. 130–138.
6. Moein, M.J.A., Shaabani, E., and Rezaeian, M., Experimental Evaluation of Hardness Models by Drillability Tests for Carbonate Rocks, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 2014, vol. 113, pp. 104–108.
7. Bilgin, N., Copur, H., and Balci, C., Mechanical Excavation in Mining and Civil Industries, CRC Press, 2013.
8. Li, G., Yang, M., Meng, Y., Liu, H., Han, L., Zhou, F., and Zhang, H., The Assessment of Correlation between Rock Drillability and Mechanical Properties in the Laboratory and in the Field under Different Pressure Conditions, J. Natural Gas Sci. Eng., 2016, vol. 30, pp. 405–413.
9. Bruland, A., Dahl, T., and Nilsen, B., Tunneling Performance Estimation Based on Drillability Testing, Proc. 8th ISRM Congress, Int. Soc. Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 1995.
10. Thuro, K. and Spaun, G., Drillability in Hard Rock Drill and Blast Tunneling, Felsbau, 1996, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1–11.
11. Dahl, F., Bruland, A., Groev, E., and Nilsen, B., Trademarking the NTNU / SINTEF Drillability Test Indices, Tunnels Tunn. Int., 2010, pp. 44–46.
12. Yarali, O. and Kahraman, S., The Drillability Assessment of Rocks Using the Different Brittleness Values, Tunnel. Underground Space Technol., 2011, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 406–414.
13. Dahl, F., Bruland, A., Jakobsen, P.D., Nilsen, B., and Grøv, E., Classifications of Properties Influencing the Drillability of Rocks, Based on the NTNU / SINTEF Test Method, Tunnel. Underground Space Technol., 2011, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 150–158.
14. Yarali, O. and Soyer, E., Assessment of Relationships between Drilling Rate Index and Mechanical Properties of Rocks, Tunnel. Underground Space Technol., 2013, vol. 33, pp. 46–53.
15. Çapik, M., Yılmaz, A.O., Yaşar, S., Yarali, O., and Cavusoglu, I., Comparison of Drillability and Abrasivity Properties of Rocks, Proc. 23rd Int. Min. Congr. Exhib. Turkey (IMCET 2013), 2013.
16. Capik, M., Yilmaz, A.O., and Yasar, S., Relationships between the Drilling Rate Index and Physicomechanical Rock Properties, Bul. Eng. Geol. Env., 2017, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 253–261.
17. Shafique, U. and Bakar, M.A., Evaluation of Relationships between Drilling Rate Index and Physical and Strength Properties of Selected Rock Units of Pakistan, Nucleus, 2015, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 79–84.
18. Yetkin, M.E., Özfırat, M.K., Yenice, H., Şimşir, F., and Kahraman, B., Examining the Relation between Rock Mass Cuttability Index and Rock Drilling Properties, J. African Earth Sci., 2016, vol. 124, pp. 151–158.
19. Iqbal, M.M. and Bakar, Z.A., Drillability Evaluation of Limestone Rock Quarries in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Pakistan J. Eng. Applied Sci., 2016.
20. Yenice, H., Özdoğan, M.V., and Özfırat, M.K., A Sampling Study on Rock Properties Affecting Drilling Rate Index, J. African Earth Sci., 2018, vol. 141, pp. 1–8.
21. Plinninger, R.J., Spaun, G., and Thuro, K., Predicting Tool Wear in Drill and Blast, Tunnels Tunnel. Int. Magazine, 2002, pp. 1–5.
22. Aligholi, S., Lashkaripour, G.R., Ghafoori, M., and Azali, S.T., Evaluating the Relationships between NTNU / SINTEF Drillability Indices with Index Properties and Petrographic Data of Hard Igneous Rocks, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2017, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 2929–2953.
23. Capik, M. and Yilmaz, A.O., Correlation between Cerchar Abrasivity Index, Rock Properties, and Drill Bit Lifetime, Arabian J. Geosciences, 2017, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 15.
24. Rostami, J.I., Ghasemi, A., Gharahbagh, E.A., Dogruoz, C., and Dahl, F., Study of Dominant Factors Affecting Cerchar Abrasivity Index, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2013, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1905–1919.
25. Yasar, S. and Yilmaz, A., Tool Wear Prediction with Different Models for Medium Strength Rocks, 2016.
26. Majeed, Y., Bakar, M.A., and Butt, I., Abrasivity Evaluation for Wear Prediction of Button Drill Bits Using Geotechnical Rock Properties, Bul. Eng. Geol. Env., 2020, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 767–787.
27. ASTM-D7012. Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength and Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under Varying States of Stress and Temperatures, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.
28. ASTM-D5731. Standard Test Method for Determination of the Point Load Strength Index of Rock and Application to Rock Strength Classifications, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, PA, 2016.
29. ASTM-D5873-00. Standard Test Method for Determination of Rock Hardness by Rebound Hammer Method, ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
30. ISRM. Suggested Methods for Determining Water Content, Porosity, Density, Absorption and Related Properties and Swelling and Slake-Durability Index, Int. Society Rock Mech., 1979.
31. Zare, S. and Bruland, A., Applications of NTNU / SINTEF Drillability Indices in Hard Rock Ttunneling, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2013, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 179–187.
32. Dahl, F., DRI, BWI, CLI Standards, NTNU, Trondheim., 2003.
33. NTNU. Hard Rock Tunnel Boring, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 1B-98, 1998.
34. Bruland, A., Hard Rock Tunnel Boring: Drillability Test Methods, Project Report 13A-98, NTNU Trondheim, 1998.
35. Adebayo, B. and Akande, J., Analysis of Button Bit Wear and Performance of Down-the-Hole Hammer Drill, Ghana Min. J., 2015, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 36–41.
36. Thuro, K., Drillability Prediction: Geological Influences in Hard Rock Drill and Blast Tunneling, Geologische Rundschau, 1997, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 426–438.
37. Nangolo, C. and Musingwini, C., Empirical Correlation of Mineral Commodity Prices with Exchange-Traded Mining Stock Prices, J. Southern African Institute Min. Metal., 2011, vol. 111, no. 7, pp. 459–468.
MINE AEROGASDYNAMICS
METHANE SOURCE IDENTIFICATION IN COAL FACES BY CARBON ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF METHANE
O. V. Tailakov*, E. A. Saltymakov**, S. V. Sokolov***, A. V. Kostina****, and G. V. Protsenko*****
Federal Research Center for Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, 650065 Russia
*e-mail: oleg2579@gmail.com
**e-mail: easaltymakov@yandex.ru
***e-mail: sokoloviu.s@yandex.ru
****e-mail: chernetskaya.nastasya@mail.ru
*****e-mail: protsenk0-galina@yandex.ru
The authors propose an approved integrated approach to assessing influence of coal–rock mass on coal faces by a gas-based criterion through the isotope analysis of coalbed methane. The quantitative ratios of carbon isotopes of methane are determined in coal samples and in mine air samples from seven operating mines in Kuzbass. The geometrical parameters of such zones are assessed, and the maximal methane volume capable to affect a coal face during its operation is found. It is emphasized that the gas volumes and the methane migration zone parameters differ greatly when found using a traditional method and the integrated approach with the carbon isotopic analysis of methane in mine air and in coal.
Coal face, coal seam, migration, poro-perm properties, methane, isotopy, methane resources, seams-associates
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050120
REFERENCES
1. Shiryaev, S.N., Tailakov, О.V., Zastrelov, D.N., and Gerasimov, А.V., Study of Residual Gas Content in Coal Seams from the Erunakovo Deposit in Kuzbass, Vestn. KuzGTU, 2020, no. 2 (138), pp. 5–11.
2. Lokshina, L.Ya., Vavilin, V.А., and Litti, Yu.V., Evaluation of Methane Production in Peat Samples from Typical Bogs of West Siberia Using Modeling of the Dynamics of Stable Carbon Isotopes in Methane and Carbon Dioxide, Proc. of the 7th National Sci. Conf. with Int. Participation on Mathematical Modeling in Ecology (EkoMatMod), 2021.
3. Kurlenya, M.V., Lee, K.H, Kazantsev, V.G, and Lee, Eun Hee, Physical–Mathematical Model of Methane Flow in Nonstationary Stress Field in Coal Seam, Journal of Mining Science, 2024, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 357–365.
4. Li, Y., Wu, S., Nie, B., and Ma, Y., A New Pattern of Underground Space-Time Tridimensional Gas Drainage: A Case Study in Yuwu Coal Mine, China, Energy Sci. and Eng., 2019, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 399–410.
5. Tailakov, О.V., Utkaev, Е.А., and Makeev, М.P., Determination of Poro-Perm Properties of Coal Seams from Mine Measurement Data, Naukoemkie tekhnologii razrabotki i ispolzovaniya mineralnykh resursov, 2020, no. 6, pp. 366–370.
6. Tailakov, О.V., Zastrelov, D.N., Makeev, М.P., Utkaev, Е.А., and Saltymakov, Е.А., Study of Poro-Perm Properties of Kuzbass Coal, Proc. the 11th Int. Russian–Kazakh Symposium of Coal Chemistry and Ecology in Kuzbass, Kemerovo, 2022.
7. Hou, X., Liu, S., Zhu, Y., and Yang, Y., Evaluation of Gas Contents for a Multi-Seam Deep Coalbed Methane Reservoir and their Geological Controls: In Situ Direct Method versus Indirect Method, China, Fuel, 2020, vol. 265. 116917.
8. Soboleva, Е.V., Bol’shakova, М.А., Korneva, Т.N., Natitnik, I.М., Maltsev, V.V., Sannikova, I.А., and Sautkin, R.S., Influence of Geological and Geochemical Conditions of Deposit Formation on Composition and Properties of Hydrocarbon Fluids (Using the Example of the Bovanenkovo Oil and Gas Condensate Field), Georesursy, 2019, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 190–202.
9. Schaeffer, P., Bailly, L., Motsch, E., and Adam, P., Organic Geochemistry, 2019, vol. 136. 103889.
10. Polyakov, V.B. and Horita, J., Chemical Geology, 2021, vol. 559. 119948.
11. Krasnova, Е.А., Yurchenko, А.Yu., Kalmykov, А.G., and Fomina, М.М., Isotopic and Geochemical Features of Gaseous Hydrocarbons Distribution in the Section of the Bazhenov Formation (Southern Part of West Siberia), Georesursy, 2019, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 153–158.
12. Zubkov, М.Yu., Role of Tectonic and Hydrothermal Processes in the Formation of Gas Deposits in the North of West Siberia, Geologiya i mineral’no-syr’evye resursy Sibiri, 2022, no. 4(52), pp. 28–45.
13. Safina, N.P., Maslennikov, V.V., Artem’ev, D.A., Sadykov, S.A., and Arkhireeva, N.S., Comparison of Pyrite Concretions of Carbonaceous Siltstones from the Safyanov–Kolchedan Deposit (Middle Urals) Based on the Results of LA-ICP-MS and Isotopic Analysis, Metallogeniya drevnikh i sovremennykh okeanov, 2019, no. 1, pp. 132–135.
14. Zhuravleva, А.V., Thermal Degradation of Carbon Isotopic Composition of Organic Matter in Conodonts: Preliminary Results, Vestnik Geonauk, 2020, no. 2(302), pp. 29–31.
15. Tyurin, А.М., Carbon Isotopic Composition in Methane from Orenburg Oil and Gas Condensate Field in the Context of the Development of Its Formation Model, Nedra Povolzhya i Prikaspiya, 2022, no. 107, pp. 18–26.
16. Hartke, E.R., Bradley, D., Cramer, B.D., Calner, M., Melchin, M.J., Barnett, B.A., Oborny, S.C., and Bancroft, A.M., Decoupling δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg at the Onset of the Ireviken Carbon Isotope Excursion: Δ 13C and Organic Carbon Burial (forg) during a Silurian Oceanic Anoxic Event, USA, Global and Planetary Change, 2021, vol. 196. 103373.
17. Polovinkina, О.N., Mikhailenko, V.S., and Kirillova, N.V., Basic Measurement Methods in Gas Analysis, Vestnik MANEB, 2023, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 24–29.
18. Makas’, А.L., Kudryavtsev, А.S., and Troshkov, М.L., A New Approach to Measuring the Combined Isotopic Composition of Methane for its Genetic Characterization, Geofizicheskie Tekhnologii, 2022, no. 4, pp. 41–53.
19. Skuzovatov, S.Yu., Belozerova, О.Yu., Vasil’eva, I.Е., Zarubina, О.V., Kaneva, Е.V., Sokolnikova, Yu.V., Chubarov, V.М., and Shabanova, Е.V., Current State of Methods for Studying Matter at the Micro- and Macrolevel, Center for Collective Use “Isotopic and Geochemical Research” of the Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS: Geodynamics and Tectonophysics, 2022, vol. 13, no. 2.
METHANE RELEASE IN FAILURE OF MICROSTRUCTURE IN COAL
S. A. Shepeleva*, V. V. Dyrdin, V. S. Ludzish, and V. B. Popov
Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University,
Kemerovo, 650000 Russia
*e-mail: shepelevasa@kuzstu.ru
VostNII Science Center, Kemerovo, 650002 Russia
Gas emission during destruction of coal samples in a mill is measured experimentally. Using the Skochinsky Institute’s procedure, emmitable gas amount is calculated as function of coal particles. Coal samples for the tests were taken in an outburst-hazardous seam. It is found that the decrease in the size of coal particles to 0.1 mm increases gas emission by several times. The authors developed a model of force interaction between methane molecules in micro-porous coal structure and surface of coal macro-molecule, and a calculation procedure for gas emission in coal as function of its degree of breakdown.
Gas-dynamic events, gas emission, methane, mechanical fracture, coal seam, coal particles, finely dispersed coal dust, pore space
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050132
RESERENCES
1. Khodot, V.V. (ed.), Fiziko-khimiya gazodinamicheskikh yavlenii v shakhtakh (Physicochemistry of Gas-Dynamic Phenomena in Mines), Moscow: Nauka, 1973.
2. Ivanov, B.М., Feit, G.N., and Yanovskaya, М.F., Mekhanicheskie i fiziko-khimicheskie svoistva uglei vybrosoopasnykh plastov (Mechanical and Physicochemical Properties of Coal from Outburst-Hazardous Seams), Moscow: Nauka, 1979.
3. An, F., Yuan, Y., Chen, X., Li, Z., and Li, L., Expansion Energy of Coal Gas for the Initiation of Coal and Gas Outbursts, Fuel, 2019, vol. 235, pp. 551–557.
4. Li, J., Lu, S., Zhang, P., Cai, J., Li, W., Wang, S., and Feng, W., Estimation of Gas-in-Place Content in Coal and Shale Reservoirs: A Process Analysis Method and its Preliminary Application, Fuel, 2020, vol. 259. 116266.
5. Tang, M., Kang, X., Ren, J., Gao, L., Ma, Z., and Kong, D., Mining Stress Distribution and Gas Drainage Application of Coal Seam Group under Fault Influence, Disaster Mechanisms Linked to the Role of Fluids in Geotech. Eng., 2022, vol. 2022. 8432024.
6. Godovye otchety o rezul’tatakh deyatel’nosti Sibirskogo upravleniya Federal’noi sluzhby po ekologicheskomu, tekhnologicheskomu i atomnomu nadzoru za 2013–2021 gg (Annual Performance Reports of the Siberian Office of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision for 2013–2021). Available at: http://usib.gosnadzor.ru/about/reports.
7. Occupational Health and Industrial Safety, Inform. byull.: Eizhemesyachny informatsionno-analiticheskiy, statisticheskii, proizvodstvenny zhurnal, 2020, no. 11, pp. 30–37.
8. Dyrdin, V.V., Kim, Т.L., Fofanov, А.А., Plotnikov, Е.А., and Voronkina, N.М., Gas Emission in Mechanical Destruction of Coal, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2019, no. 5, pp. 44–53.
9. Efimova, О.S., Fedorova, N.I., Sozinov, S.А., and Ismagilov, Z.R., Chemical and Granulometric Composition of Coal Dust from the Mine Degassing Unit, Khimiya v Interesakh Ustoichivogo Razvitiya, 2018, no. 26, pp. 597–602.
10. Ordin, А.А., Timoshenko, А.М., and Botvenko, D.V., Influence of Coal Particle Size Distribution on Methane Release in High-Output Longwalls, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 805–809.
11. Zykov, I.Yu., Zvekov, А.А., Dudnikova, Yu.N., Fedorova, N.I., and Ismagilov, Z.R., Textural Characteristics of Carbon Sorbents from Coals of Different Stages of Metamorphism, Vestn. KuzGTU, 2019, no. 4, pp. 64–69.
12. Kozyreva, Е.N., Nepeina, Е.S., Tsuran, Е.М., and Plaksin, М.S., Estimation of Sorption Methane-Bearing Capacity of Coking Coals from Kuzbass, Koks i Khimiya, 2017, no. 10, pp. 36–41.
13. Ettinger, I.L., Gazoyemkost’ iskopaemykh uglei (Gas Retention Capacity of Fossil Coals), Moscow: Nedra, 1966.
14. Dyrdin, V.V., Polygalov, Yu.I., Ludzish, V.S., Shepeleva, S.A., Terekhov, A.N., Potapov, P.V., Fofanov, A.A., and Kim, T.L., On the Problem of Formation of “Closed” Pores in Coal, Vestn. NTS VostNII po promyshlennoi i ekologicheskoi bezopasnosti, 2021, no. 4, pp. 39–49.
15. Sechkarev, A.V., Beger, V.N., and Zemskiy, V.I., Configurational Transitions of Polyatomic Molecules Adsorbed by Nonuniform Dielectric Surface, Zhurn. Fiz. Khimii, 1993, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 400–407.
16. Minkin, V.V., Osipov, О.А., and Zhdanov, Yu.А., Dipol’nye momenty v organicheskoi khimii. Seriya. Fizicheskie metody issledovaniya organicheskikh soedinenii (Dipolar Moments in Organic Chemistry. Series. Physical Methods of Studying Organic Compounds), Leningrad: Khimiya, 1968.
17. Vuks, М.F., Rasseyanie sveta v gazakh, zhidkostyakh i rastvorakh (Scattering of Light in Gases, Liquids and Solutions), Leningrad: LGU, 1977.
18. Dyrdin, V.V., Shepeleva, S.А., and Polygalov, Yu.I., Gas Emission in Sudden Coal and Gas Outbursts, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 84–88.
19. Chernov, О.I. and Puzyrev, V.N., Prognoz vnezapnykh vybrosov uglya i gaza (Prediction of Coal and Gas Outbursts), Moscow: Nedra, 1979.
20. Vasyuchkov, Yu.F., Estimation of Bound Methane in Fossil Coal, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—GIAB, 2002, no. 5, pp. 2–3.
21. Hales, T.C., A Proof of the Kepler Conjecture, Annals Mathem., 2005, vol. 162, no. 3, pp. 1065–1185.
MINERAL DRESSING
INTEGRATED PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY FOR EUDIALYTE CONCENTRATE
V. A. Chanturia, V. G. Minenko*, G. A. Kozhevnikov, and A. L. Samusev
Academician Melnikov Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources—IPKON, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 111020 Russia
*e-mail: vladi200@mail.ru
The authors developed a resource-saving and energy-efficient technology for integrated processing of eudialyte concentrate. It is found that the main losses of valuable components (Zr and REE) are associated with leaching cake. The effective methods and modes of processing of pregnant solution are determined to ensure high recovery of Zr and REE owing to conversion of silica gel and thanks to successive extraction of zirconium phosphate and rare earth carbonates from pregnant solution. The proposed complimentary methods of regeneration of reagents and shutting off of water circuits ensure recovery of zirconium and rare earths from eudialyte concentrate. The developed technology provides additional marketable products (sodium metasilicate and ammonium nitrate), as well as economic expediency and improved ecological safety of eudialyte concentrate processing due to regeneration of calcium carbonate.
Eudialyte concentrate, leaching, silica gel, sorption, zirconium, rare earth elements, recovery, pregnant solution, chemical precipitation, reagent regeneration, sodium metasilicate, ammonium nitrate
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050144
REFERENCES
1. Brahim, J.A., Hak, S.A., Achiou, B., Boulif, R., Beniazza, R., and Benhid, R., Kinetics and Mechanisms of Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Secondary Resources, Miner. Eng., 2022, vol. 177. 107351.
2. Bogatyreva, Е.V., Chub, А.V., Ermilov, А.G., and Khokhlova, О.V., Efficiency of Alkali–Acid Method of Integrated Leaching of Eudialyte Concentrate. Part I, Tsvetnye Metally, 2018, no. 7, pp. 57–61.
3. Bogatyreva, Е.V., Chub, А.V., Ermilov, А.G., and Khokhlova, О.V., Efficiency of Alkali–Acid Method of Integrated Leaching of Eudialyte Concentrate. Part II, Tsvetnye Metally, 2018, no. 8, pp. 69–74.
4. Samonov, А.Е. and Melent’ev, G.B., Eudialyte: Overestimation of Commercial Significance. Available at: https://www.newchemistry.ru/letter.php?n_id=382.
5. Savel’eva, I.L., The Rare-Earth Metals Industry of Russia: Present Status, Resource Conditions of Development, Geography Natural Res., 2011, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 65–71.
6. Production of Rare and Rare Earth Metals. Information and Technical Reference Book on Best Available Technologies, Moscow: Byuro NDT, 2017.
7. Lokshin, E.P. and Tareeva, О.А., Pererabotka evdialitovogo kontsentrata metodom sorbtsionnoi konversii (Processing of Eudialyte Concentrate by Adsorption Conversion Method), Apatity: FITS KNTS RAN, 2023.
8. Zakharov, V.I., Skiba, G.S., Solovyov, A.V., Lebedev, V.N., and Mayorov, D.V., Some Aspects of Acid Treatment of Eudialyte, Tsvetnye Metally, 2011, vol. 11, pp. 25–29.
9. Lebedev, V.N., Sulfuric Acid Technology of Eudialyte Concentrate, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 2003, vol. 76, pp. 1559–1563.
10. Lebedev, V.N., Shchur, T.E., Mayorov, D.V., Popova, L.A., and Serkova, R.P., Features of Acid Decomposition of Eudialyte and Some Rare Metal Concentrates from the Kola Peninsula, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 2003, vol. 76, pp. 1191–1196.
11. Davris, P., Stopic, S., Balomenos, E., Panias, D., Paspaliaris, I., and Friedrich, B., Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Eudialyte Concentrate by Suppressing Silica Gel Formation, Miner. Eng., 2017, vol. 108, pp. 115–122.
12. Vaccarezza, V. and Anderson, C., Beneficiation and Leaching Study of Norra Kärr Eudialyte Mineral, Rare Metal Technol., H. Kim et al. (Eds.), 2018, TMS 2018, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Series, Springer, Cham.
13. Silin, I., Dertmann, C., Cvetkovic, V.S., Stopic, S., and Friedrich, B., Prevention of Silica Gel Formation for Eudialyte Study Using New Digestion Reactor, Minerals, 2024, vol. 14. 124.
14. Adib, А., Ahmadi, R., and Rahimi, E., The Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Apatite Concentrate by Acid and Digestion-Water Leaching Processes in Morvarid Iron Mine, Iran, Journal of Mining Science, 2021, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 131–143.
15. Usmanova, N.F., Bragin, V.I., Zhizhaev, А.М., Merkulova, Е.N., and Bondarenko, G.N., Comparative Analysis of Sequential Leaching Procedures for Dissociation of Rare Earth Elements in Gold-Bearing Material, Journal of Mining Science, 2017, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1124–1132.
16. Balinski, A., Wiche, O., and Kelly, N., Separation of Rare Earth Elements from Contaminants and Valuable Components by In-Situ Precipitation during the Hydrometallurgical Processing of Eudialyte Concentrate, J. Hydrometallurgy, 2020, vol. 194. 105300.
17. Ma, Y., Stopic, S., Gronen, L., Milivojevic, M., Obradovic, S., and Friedrich, B., Neural Network Modeling for the Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Eudialyte Concentrate by Dry Digestion and Leaching, J. Metals, 2018, vol. 8, no. 4. — 267.
18. Balinski, P.A., Atanasova, O., et al., Recovery of REEs, Zr(Hf), Mn and Nb by H2SO4 Leaching of Eudialyte Concentrate, Hydrometallurgy, 2019, pp. 176–186.
19. Bansal, N.P., Influence of Several Metal Ions on the Gelation Activation Energy of Silicon Tetraethoxide, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1990, vol. 73, no. 9, pp. 2647–2652.
20. Marshall, W.L. and Chen, C.T.A., Amorphous Silica Solubilities—VI. Postulated Sulfatesilicic Acid Solution Complex, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1982, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 367–370.
21. Chizhevskaya, S.V., Chekmarev, A.M., Klimenko, O.M., Povetkina, M.V., Sinegribova, O.A., and Cox, M., Non–Traditional Methods of Treating High–Silicon Containing Are Elements, Proc. Hydrometallurgy’94, Cambridge, UK, 1994.
22. Dibrov, I.A., Chirkst, D.E., and Litvinova, T.E., Experimental Study of Zirconium(IV) Extraction from Fluoride-Containing Acid Solutions, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 2002, vol. 75, pp. 195–199.
23. Matveev, V.A., Kalinnikov, V.T., Mayorov, D.V., and Krasikov, S.A., RF patent no. 2522074, Byull. Izobret., 2014, no. 19.
24. Shtutsa, M.G., Zubkova, M.Yu., Ziganshin, A.G., Koporulina, E.S., Sviridov, A.M., and Kardapolov, A.V., RF patent no. 2742330 C1, Byull. Izobret., 2021, no. 4.
25. Matveev, V.A. and Mayorov, D.V., RF patent no. 2649606 С1, Byull. Izobret., 2017, no. 10.
26. Chekmarev, A.M., Chizhevskaya, S.V., Povetkina, M.V., Elyutin, A.V., Yufrikov, V.A., and Chistov, L.B., RF patent no. 2040568 С1, Byull. Izobret., 1995, no. 21.
27. Chanturia, V.A., Samusev, А.L., Minenko, V.G., and Kozhevnikov, G.А., Rare Metal and Rare Earth Recovery from Silica Gel—Eudialyte Concentrate Leaching Product, Journal of Mining Science, 2021, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 142–149.
28. Chanturia, V.A., Minenko, V.G., Samusev, А.L., Koporulina, Е.V., and Ryazantseva, М.V., Zirconium and Rare Earths Recovery from Eudialyte Concentrate Leaching Solution, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 631–641.
29. Chanturia, V.A., Scientific Justification and Development of Innovative Processes for the Extraction of Zirconium and Rare Earth Elements in Deep and Integrated Processing of Eudialyte Concentrate, Zapiski Gornogo Inst., 2022, vol. 256, pp. 505–516.
30. Binnemans, K. and Jones, P.T., The Twelve Principles of Circular Hydrometallurgy, J. Sustain. Metal., 2023, vol. 9, pp. 1–25.
31. Bashilov, I.Ya., Author’s Certificate no. 45283, 1935.
ASSESSMENT OF SPECIFICITY OF CALCITE FLOTATION KINETICS IN SECONDARY PROCESSING OF FLUORITE-BEARING MATERIALS
L. A. Kienko* and O. V. Voronova
Khabarovsk Federal Research Center, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Khabarovsk, 680000 Russia
*e-mail: kienkola@rambler.ru
The research focuses on the specificity of flotation of carbonate–fluorite ore waste at Yaroslavskaya Mining Company. The waste composition and process properties are examined. Fluorite in the test waste occurs in mineral concretions and in slime. The problems in flotation of old mining and processing waste are governed by specific surface properties of particles, film coatings and structural transformations. The promising methods to induce conversion of components in flotation pulp are discussed. It is found that ultrasonic and electrochemical treatment of waste components promote selectivity of their separation. The indicators of processes at fixed time intervals and under special effects are analyzed. Flotation with ultrasonic and electrochemical pre-treatment of pulp substantially increases fluorite concentration in froth and enhances selectivity of fluorite separation from calcite. Recovery of fluorite in concentrates with CaF2 content more than 94% rises by 2.97–4.58%. It is demonstrated that it is possible to reduce mass fraction of silicon dioxide in concentrates by 0.3–0.5%.
Mining and processing waste, fine impregantion, fluorite, calcite, flotation, gas saturation, ultrasound, structural transformations, fine milling, electrochemical treatment
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050156
REFERENCES
1. Rasskazov, I.Yu., Promising Technologies for the Development and Processing of Minerals in the Far Eastern Region. Present-Day Problems of Integrated and Deep Processing of Natural and Manmade Minerals (Plaksin’s Lectures–2022), Vladikavkaz: GTU, 2022.
2. Ogurtsova, Yu.N., Strokova, V.V., Nerovanya, S.V., and Gubareva, Е.N., Features of Preparation of Natural and Manmade Mineral Raw Materials to Produce Photocatalytic Composite Materials, Obogashchenie Rud, 2023, no. 5, pp. 353–358.
3. Nevskaya, M.A., Seleznev, S.G., Masloboev, V.A., Klyuchnikova, E.M., and Makarov, D.V., Environmental and Business Challenges Presented by Mining and Mineral Processing Waste in the Russian Federation, Minerals, 2019, vol. 9. — 445.
4. Song, Y., Jin, L., Pan, G., Wang, K., Kong, L., and Jiang, T., A Comparative Study of the Tailings from the Fluorite Mining in Three Different Regions and Their Leachability Characteristics, J. Cleaner Production, 2020, vol. 267. — 121697.
5. Kienko, L.А., Voronova, О.V., and Kondrat’ev, S.A., Study of Ultrasound Effects on Flotation Selectivity in Waste Processing at the Yaroslavsky Mining Company, Journal of Mining Science, 2019, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 675–681.
6. Sekisov, А.G., Lavrov, А.Yu., and Rasskazova, А.V., Fotokhimicheskie i elektrokhimicheskie protsessy v geotekhnologii (Photochemical and Electrochemical Processes in Geotechnology), Chita: ZabGU, 2019.
7. Kienko, L.А. and Voronova, О.V., On the Problem of Expanding the Raw Material Base for the Production of Fluorite Concentrates in Primorye Territory, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2015, no. 2, pp. 69–71.
8. Kienko, L.А., Voronova, О.V., and Kondrat’ev, S.A., Potential for Improvement of Fluorite Concentrate Quality in Reprocessing of Manmade Materials, Journal of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 1024–1032.
9. Chanturia, V.А., Medyanik, N.L., Shadrunova, I.V., Mishurina, О.А., and Mullina, E.R., Conditions of Bubbling in Electrolytic Flotation, Journal of Mining Science, 2019, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 414–419.
10. Prokhorov, K.V. and Kopylova, А.Е., Promising Methods to Intensity Copper–Porphyry and Gold–Silver Ore Flotation by Electrochemical Treatment, Problemy Nedropolzovaniya, 2020, no. 2, pp. 96–106.
11. Agranat, B.А., Dubrovin, М.N., and Khavskiy. N.N., Osnovy fiziki i tekhniki ul’trazvuka (Basic Physics and Ultrasound Techniques), Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1987.
12. Krupskaya, K.V., Davydova, M.A., Khayrudinov, M.M., Slynko, N.M., Matveev, A.A., and Smirnov, V.V., Ultrasound-Assisted Separation of Rare Earths from Apatite: Achievements and Perspectives, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2019, vol. 54, pp. 370–378.
13. Polyakov, А.V., Electroflotation and its Use in Mineral Processing, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2021, no. S6, pp. 329–342.
14. Cui, X., Sun, W., Li, D., and Li, N., Performance and Mechanisms of Chrysocolla Flotation by Electroflotation, Miner. Eng., 2019, vol. 142. — 105984.
15. Yang, X., Sun, W., Wang, M., and Gu, G., Kinetics Modeling and Optimization of Flotation Process of a Low-Grade Graphite Ore, Miner. Eng., 2020, vol. 156. — 106530.
SELECTION AND USE OF COLLECTING AGENT FOR VANADIUM EXTRACTION
N. L. Medyanik*, A. V. Smirnova, Yu. A. Karelina, and V. A. Baskov
Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, 455000 Russia
*e-mail: medyanikmagnitka@mail.ru
The studies on vanadium production are generalized, and the promising nature of flotation is demonstrated in this regard. The prognostic selection of fulvic acid FulvAc as a selective collecting agent relative to vanadium occurred as vanadyl VO2+ in acidic pregnant solutions is justified. The analysis of chemical reactivity studied the mechanism of vanadyl extraction and concentration using chelating agent FulvAc. Computer modeling is performed for a flotation system representing a slightly soluble metal complex of vanadyl fulvat [VO2+ – FulvAc]n. Efficiency of FulvAc is proved by lab-scale flotation tests with recovery of vanadyl not less than 92%. Vanadium oxisols are demandable by different industries, and [VO2+ – FulvAc]n is usable as complex mineral supplements for fertilizing mixtures for urban greening.
Collecting agent, fulvic acid, vanadium, vanadyl ions, mechanism, computer modeling, pressure flotation, complex mineral supplements for soil
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124050168
REFERENCES
1. Global Vanadium Market Size and Trends, by Application (Iron and Steel, Energy Storage, Chemical, and Titanium Alloys), by Region (Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa) and Forecast from 2018 to 2025, Metals and Minerals, April 2019. Available at: https://www.adroitmarketresearch.com/industry-reports/vanadium-market.
2. Perles, T., Vanadium Market Analysis, TTP Squared, Inc., 2021.
3. Vanadium Miners News for the Month of February 2021. February 16, 2021. Available at: https://seekingalpha.com/article/4409905-vanadium-miners-news-for-month-of-february-2021.
4. Makhotkina, Е.S. and Shubina, М.V., Assessment of Titanium Magnetite Ores from the Urals and Processing Waste for the Possibility of Extracting Vanadium, Chernaya Metallurgiya. Byull. Nauch. Tekhn. Ekonom. Informatsii, 2022, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 315–321.
5. Mamaraimov, G.F., Khasanov, А.S., and Vokhidov, B.R., Extraction of Vanadium from Manmade Resources, Universum: Tekhnicheskie nauki. Elektron. Mezhdunar. Nauch. Zhurn., 2022, no. 12 (105). Available at: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14663.
6. Volkov, А.I., Stulov, P.Е., Kologrieva, U.А., and Charkin, А.F., Study of Process Properties and Possibility of Processing Various Types of Vanadium Raw Materials, Metallurg, 2023, no. 9, pp. 101–112.
7. Churilov, А.Е., Mukaev, Е.G, and Gorbunova, А.V., Vanadium-Bearing Resources and Chemical Methods of Their Processing, Teoriya i Tekhnologiya Metallurgicheskogo Proizvodstva, 2017, no. 3 (22), pp. 30–33.
8. Monakhov, I.N., Khramov, S.V., Chernosov, P.I., and Yusfin, Yu.S., Vanadium Element Flow in Manmade Environment, Metallurg, 2004, no. 8, pp. 35–37.
9. Medyanik, N.L., Smirnova, А.V., Bessonova, Yu.А., and Kolyada, L.G., Physicochemical Aspects of Acid Leaching of Iron Concentrate of Titanium Magnetite Ore from the Volkov Deposit, Chernye Metally, 2023, no. 6, pp. 76–81.
10. Rehder, D., Bioionorganic Vanadium Chemistry, Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons., 2008.
11. Van Eldik, R., Burgess, I., and Rangel, M., Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, Orlando, Academic Press, 2008.
12. Zelikman, А.N. and Korshunov, B.G., Metallurgiya redkikh metallov (Metallurgy of Rare Metals), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1991.
13. Costa Pessoa, J., Thirty Years through Vanadium Chemistry, J. Inorg. Biochem., 2015, vol. 147, pp. 4–24.
14. Li, X., Deng, Z., Wei, Ch., Li, M., Li, C., and Fan, G., Selective Solvent Extraction of Vanadium over Iron from a Stone Coal Black Shale Acid Leach Solution by D2EHPA/TBP, Hydrometallurgy, 2016, vol. 105, pp. 359–363.
15. Liu, F., Ning, P., Cao, H., and Zhang, Y., Measurement and Modeling for Vanadium Extraction from the (NaVO3 + H2SO4 + H2O) System by Primary Amine N1923, J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 2015, vol. 80, pp. 13–21.
16. Kasikov, A.G., Petrov, V.N., and Petrova, A.M., RF patent no. 2492254, Byull. Izobret., 2013, no. 25.
17. Podvalnaya, N.V., Physicochemical Foundations of Synthesis and Properties of Polyvanadates of MVO3 – VOSO4 – (M2SO4) – H2O, (M = K, Rb, Cs) Systems, Cand. Chem. Sci. Thesis, Yekaterinburg, 2002.
18. Moskalyuk, Е.V., Adsorptive Extraction of Vanadium from Sulfate Solutions of Complex Composition, Tsvetnye Metally, 2017, no. 1, pp. 41–46.
19. Nve, Sh.U., Shilyaev, А.V., and Troshkina, I.D., Adsorptive Extraction of Vanadium from Mineralized Solutions Using Fibrous Ion Exchanger, Uspekhi v Khimii i Khimicheskoy Tekhnologii, 2012, vol. 26, no. 6 (135), pp. 126–129.
20. Ordinartsev, D.P., Extraction of Vanadium Oxocompounds from Aqueous Solutions Using Highly Dispersed Aluminosilicate Sorbents, Cand. Tech. Sci. Thesis, Yekaterinburg, 2017.
21. Asem, A.A., Adsorption of Chromate and Molybdate by Cetylpyridinium Bentonite, Appl. Clay Sci., 2008, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 73–84.
22. Nakajima, A., Electron Spin Resonance Study on the Vanadium Adsorption by Persimmon Tannin Gel, Talanta, 2002, vol. 57, pp. 537–544.
23. Meerson, G.A and Zelikman, А.N., Metallurgiya redkikh metallov (Metallurgy of Rare Metals), Moscow: Metallurgizdat, 1955.
24. Muzgin, V.N., Khashina, L.B., Zoloyavin, V.L., and Bezrukov, I.Ya., Analiticheskaya khimiya vanadiya (Analytical Chemistry of Vanadium), Moscow: Nauka, 1981.
25. Medyanik, N.L., Varlamova, I.А., Kalugina, N.L., and Girevaya, Kh.Ya., Teoriya i praktika flotatsionnogo izvlecheniya tyazhelykh metallov iz tekhnogennykh vod (Theory and Practice of Flotation Extraction of Heavy Metals from Factory Waste Water), Magnitogorsk: MGTU G.I. Nosova, 2015.
26. Jarosz, M. and Marczenko, Z., Study of the Formation of Vanadium (IV) Complexes with some Triphenylmethane Reagents and Cationic Surfactants, 1984, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 35–38.
27. Kenzhaliev, B.К., Tusupbaev, N.К., Medyanik, N.L., and Semushkina, L.V., Study of Physicochemical and Flotation Characteristics of Composite Flotation Agents, Vestn. MGTU Nosova, 2019, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 4–11.
28 Macrae, C.F., Sovago, I., Cottrel, S.J., Galek, P.T.A., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Platings, M., Shields, G.P., Stevens, J.S., Towler, M., and Wood, P.A., Mercury 4.0: From Visualization to Analysis, Design and Prediction, J. Appl. Crystallography, 2020, no. 53, pp. 226–235.
29. Benderskiy, N.S., Kudelina, О.М., Ganzgorn, Е.V., and Safronenko, А.V., Fulvic Acid—Dietary Supplement or Medicine? Kubanskii Nauchnyi Meditsinskii Vestnik, 2020, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 78–91.
30. Purtova, L.N. and Kostenkov, N.М., Energy Reserves and Thermodynamic Indices of Humic Acids in Soils of the Plains of Russian Far East, Vestn. KrasGAU, 2008, no. 5, pp. 66–72.
31. Wood, P.A., Olsson, T.S.G., Cole, J.C., Cottrell, S.J., Feeder, N., Galek, P.T.A., Groom, C.R., and Pidcock, E., Evaluation of Molecular Crystal Structures Using Full Interaction Maps, CrystEngComm, 2013, no. 1, pp. 65–72.
32. Wyrzykowski, D., Inkielewicz-Stępniak, I., Pranczk, J., Żamojć, K., Zięba, P., Tesmar, A., Jacewicz, D., Ossowski, T., and Chmurzyński, L., Physicochemical Properties of Ternary Oxovanadium (IV) Complexes with Oxydiacetate and 1, 10-Phenanthroline or 2, 2′-Bipyridine. Cytoprotective Activity in Hippocampal Neuronal HT22 Cells, Biometals, 2015, vol. 28, pp. 307–320.
33. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Barouchas, P.E., Ilia, E., Kyramariou, A., and Moustakas, N.K., Effect of Vanadium on Dry Matter and Nutrient Concentration in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Aust. J. Crop Sci., 2016, vol. 10, pp. 199–206.
34. Shi, X., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Xiao, X., Zhan, N., and Cui, X., Improvement of Tomato Fruit Quality and Soil Nutrients through Foliar Spraying Fulvic Acid under Stress of Copper and Cadmium, Agronomy, 2023, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 20–23.
ANALYSIS OF REAGENT REGIMES IN NEPHELINE CONCENTRATE PRODUCTION FROM LOPARITE ORE PROCESSING TAILINGS BY FLOTATION
E. V. Chernousenko*, I. N. Vishnyakova, G. V. Mitrofanova, V. V. Marchevskaya, and A. A. Kompanchenko
Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Apatity, 184209 Russia
*e-mail: e.chernousenko@ksc.ru
Geological Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Apatity, 184209 Russia
The authors analyzed some reagent regimes in flotation of nepheline from loparite ore tailings: mixture of tall oils, hydroxamic acids in combination with distilled tall oil; mix of tall oils with addition of polyalkyl benzene sulfonic acids or amine-containing collectors. The nepheline concentrate produced in the optimized reagent regime contained Al2O3 27.18–27.57%. With addition of tall oil polyalkyl benzene sulfonic acid, activity of the collecting mixture reduced, and the produced concentrate quality lowered to Al2O3 26.33%. Two methods to bring flotation concentrates to a standard quality are discussed. The use of magnetic separation allowed production of nepheline concentrate with Al2O3 28.0–28.3% at the recovery of 72–76% compared to the initial product. Direct cationic flotation with agent Flotigam-2835 in an acidic medium with рН 4.5, created by sodium silicofluoride, produced nepheline concentrate with Al2O3 29.63% at the recovery of 65.9% compared to the initial product.
Tailings, tailings storage, loparite ore of the Kola Peninsula, nepheline, mafic minerals, feldspar, flotation, magnetic separation
DOI: 10.1134/S106273912405017X
REFERENCES
1. Chanturia, V.A. and Shadrunova, I.V., Innovative Processes of Deep and Environmentally Friendly Processing of Manmade Materials in the Context of New Economic Challenges. Problems of Integrated and Environmentally Friendly Processing of Natural and Manmade Mineral Raw Materials (Plaksin’s Lectures-2021), Vladikavkaz: GTU, 2021.
2. Lottermoser, B.G., Recycling, Reuse and Rehabilitation of Mine Wastes, Elements, 2011, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 405–410.
3. Tayebi-Khorami, M., Edraki, M., Corder, G., and Golev, A., Re-Thinking Mining Waste through an Integrative Approach Led by Circular Economy Aspirations, Minerals, 2019, vol. 9, no. 5. — 286.
4. Temnov, А.V. and Bykhovskiy, L.Z., Manmade and Secondary Sources of Rare Metals, Mineral’nye resursy Rossii. Ekonomika i upravlenie, 2021, no. 1-6 (175), pp. 6–13.
5. Larichkina, F.D. and Knysha, V.А., Ratsional’noe ispol’zovanie vtorichnykh mineral’nykh resursov v usloviyakh ekologizatsii i vnedreniya nailuchshikh dostupnykh tekhnologii (Efficient Use of Secondary Mineral Resources in the Context of Ecologization and Introduction of Best Available Technologies), Apatity: FITS KNTS RAN, 2019.
6. Krasavtseva, E., Maksimova, V., Makarov, D., and Potorochin, E., Modeling of the Chemical Halo of Dust Pollution Migration in Loparite Ore Tailings Storage Facilities, Minerals, 2021, vol. 11. 1077.
7. Krasavtseva, E.A, Makarov, D.V., Maksimova, V.V, Selivanova, Е.А., and Ikkonen, P.V., Studies of Properties and Composition of Loparite Ore Mill Tailings, Journal of Mining Science, 2021, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 531–538.
8. Rakaev, A.I., Chernousenko, Е.V., Rukhlenko, Е.D., and Alekseeva, S.A., Production of Nepheline Concentrate from Dump Waste Tailings of Processing Plants of the Lovozero GOK, Obogashchenie Rud, 2007, no. 1, pp. 8–11.
9. Sizyakov, V.M. and Sizyakova, E.V., Prospects for the Development of Integrated Processing of Kola Nepheline Concentrates, GIAB, 2015, no. S 1-4, pp. 126–145.
10. Bagani, M., Balomenos, E., and Panias, D., Nepheline Syenite as an Alternative Source for Aluminum Production, Minerals, 2021, vol. 11, no. 7. 734.
11. Gurevich, B.I., Kalinkina, E.V., and Kalinkin, A.M., Binding Properties of Mechanically Activated Nepheline Containing Mining Waste, Minerals, 2020, vol. 10, no. 1. 48.
12. Levin, B.V., Lisyuk, B.S., Lutsenko, K.L., Lytkin, А.А., Svitsov, А.А., Stankevich, V.G., and Mamulat, S.L., Nepheline Concentrates and Slimes as Unique Raw Materials for Geopolymer Materials and Structures, Mir dorog. Ekologii. Novye tekhnologii, 2020, iss. 129–130, pp. 91–100.
13. Mahran, G., Hussin, A., and Haffez Abdelhaffez, G., Nepheline Syenite Beneficiation for Glass and Ceramics Industries, Afinidad. J. Chem. Eng. Theoretical Appl. Chem., 2022, vol. 79, no. 597, pp. 533–538.
14. Pleshakov, Yu.V., Alekseev, А.I., Brylyakov, Yu.Е., and Nikolaev, А.I., Technology for Integrated Processing of Apatite–Nepheline Ore, Obogashchenie Rud, 2004, no. 2, pp. 15–17.
15. Lygach, V.N., Ladygina, G.V., Brylyakov, Yu.Е., and Kostrova, М.А. Increasing the Efficiency of Nepheline Production at Processing Plant ANOF-II of JSC Apatit by Improving the Reagent Regine of Nepheline Reverse Flotation, GIAB, 2007, no. 10, pp. 365–369.
16. Sizyakov, V.M., Kawalla, R., and Brichkin, V.N., Geochemical Aspects of the Mining and Processing of the Large-Ton Mineral Resources of the Hibinian Alkaline Massif, Geochemistry, 2019, vol. 80, no. 3. 125506.
17. Mitrofanova, G.V., Marchevskaya, V.V., and Perunkova, Т.N., Improvement of Regimes of Nepheline Flotation from Stored Apatite-Nepheline Processing Ore Waste at the Khibiny Deposits, Tsetnye Metally, 2022, no. 8, pp. 8–14.
18. Shapovalov, N.A., Gorodov, A I., Krainiy, A.A., and Krainyaya, E.V., The Influence of Mixed Cationic and Anionic Surfactants on the Flotation of Nepheline, J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 2019, vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 5719–5724.
19. Mitrofanova, G.V., Chernousenko, Е.V., and Artem’ev, А.V., Manmade Deposits of the Murmansk Region as Promising Sources of Mineral Raw Materials, Marksheideriya i Nedropol’zovanie, 2020, no. 3 (107), pp. 9–16.
20. Lvov, V.V. and Ushakov, Е.K., The Use of Dry Magnetic Separation to Improve the Quality of Nepheline Concentrate, Proc. of the 23rd Int. Sci. Tech. Conf. on Scientific Foundations and Practice of Processing Ore and Manmade Materials, 2018.
21. Ratobylskaya, L.D., Kozhevnikov, О.А., Boiko, N.N., Lygach, V.N., Kaitmazova, Т.I., and Maslov, А.D., Selektivnaya flotatsiya nefelina iz khvostov apatitovogo proizvodstva. Kombinirovannye metody pri kompleksnom obogashchenii poleznykh iskopaemykh (Selective Flotation of Nepheline from Apatite Production Tailings. Combined Methods in Integrated Processing of Minerals), Leningrad: Nauka, 1977.
22. Bogdanov, О.S., Mikhailova, N.S., Yanis, N.A., Bondarenko, О.P., and Budnikova, N.V., Ways to Improve the Quality of Nepheline Concentrate at the Apatit Plant, Obogashchenie Rud, 1976, no. 4, pp. 8–12.
23. Sentemova, V.А., The Use of Cationic Flotation to Produce High-Quality Nepheline Concentrates from Apatite–Nepheline Ore with Increased Feldspar Content, Obogashch. Rud, 2009, no. 5, pp. 11–14.
24. Aleksandrova, Т.N. and Elbendari, А.М., Improvement of Phosphate Ore Processing Efficiency by Flotation, Zapiski Gornogo Instituta, 2021, vol. 248, pp. 260–271.
25. Sentemova, V.А., Nepheline Concentrate Production Technology, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2011, no. 2, pp. 39–42.
26. Pekov, I.V., Lovozerskii massiv: istoriya issledovaniya, pegmatity, mineraly (Lovozero Massif: Investigation History, Pegmatites, Minerals), Moscow: Zemlya, 2001.
27. Semenov, Е.I., Mineraly i rudy Laplandskoi shchelochnoi formatsii (Kol’skii poluostrov, Kareliya, Finlyandiya) (Minerals and Ores of the Lapland Alkaline Formation (Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Finland), Moscow: Mineralogicheskiy muzey RAN, Geos, 2009.
28. Xu, L., Hu, Y., Tian, J., Wu, H., Yang, Y., Zeng, X., Wang, Z., and Wang, J., Selective Flotation Separation of Spodumene from Feldspar Using New Mixed Anionic/Cationic Collectors, Miner. Eng., 2016, vol. 89, pp. 84–92.
29. Jun-Zhe Bai, Da-Wei Luo, Yu Zhang, and Di Wu, Flotation Application of Cationic and Mixed Anionic Collectors in Hanzhong Quartz Ore, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 681–686.
30. Semyanova, D.V., Analysis of Applying a Combination of Reagents in the Flotation of Non-Sulfide Ore, Fundament. Prikl. Vopr. Gorn. Nauk, 2020, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 118–122.
31. Xu, L., Wu, H., Dong, F., Wang, L., Wang, Z., and Xiao, J., Flotation and Adsorption of Mixed Cationic/ Anionic Collectors on Muscovite Mica, Miner. Eng., 2013, vol. 41, pp. 41–45.
32. Naifonov, Т.B., Beloborodov, V.I., and Zakharova, I.B., Flotatsionnoe obogashchenie kompleksnykh titanovykh i tsirkonievykh rud (Processing of Complex Titanium and Zirconium Ores by Flotation), Apatity: KNTS RAN, 1994.
33. Ivanova, V., Mitrofanova, G., and Chernousenko, E., Application of Complexing Reagents-Collectors in Rare-Metal and Rare-Earth Ore, Proc. of the 17th Int. Multidisciplinary Sci. Geoсonf. SGEM 2017, Proc. Sci. Technol. Geology, Expl. Min., 2017, no 11, pp. 759–766.
34. Cao, M., Bu, H., and Gao, Y., A Mixed Collector System for Columbite–Tantalite Flotation, Miner. Eng., 2021, vol. 161.
35. Marion, Ch., Li, R., and Waters, K., A Review of Reagents Applied to Rare-Earth Mineral Flotation, Adv. Coll. Interface Sci., 2020, vol. 279.
36. Pilipenko, А.Т. and Zul’figarov, О.S., Gidroksamovye kisloty (Hydroxamic Acids), Moscow: Nauka, 1989.