JMS, Vol. 60, No. 6, 2024
GEOMECHANICS
ASSESSMENT OF KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR COALBED GAS FROM THERMODYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS IN SEALED CANISTER WITH COAL CHIPPINGS
L. A. Nazarova*, L. A. Nazarov, and R. I. Rodin
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: larisa.a.nazarova@mail.ru
Federal Research Center for Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Kemerovo, 650000 Russia
The authors theoretically substantiated and, using in-situ measurements, proved the method of determining kinetic characteristics for coal bed gas: content, diffusion factor, mass exchange and rate of desorption. These data are required for the development of technologies of coal mining and methane utilization. The method involves solution of an inverse problem within the framework of a nonlinear model of gas emission from a particle placed in an isolated container, using the data on time change in thermodynamic parameters (pressure and temperature) in a sealed canister with coal chippings. The model analysis shows that ratio of methane concentrations at different moments of time is independent of gas content. This enables development and numerical implementation of a two stage algorithm: first, by solving an inverse problem with time-dependent coefficients, the factors of diffusion, mass exchange and desorption are found; then, with minimization of a special function, the gas content is determined. The in-situ data are obtained using coal chippings from drilling in an operating mine in Kuzbass, by means of measurement of pressure and temperature in five canisters for 10 days. The interpretation of the data made it possible to assess the methane content in the test coalbed site as 4 kg/m3.
Coalbed, in-situ experiment, thermobaric flask, gas content, diffusion factor, desorption factor, mass exchange factor, pressure, temperature, inverse problem
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060012
REFERENCES
1. Galvin, J.M., Ground Engineering—Principles and Practices for Underground Coal Mining, Springer Cham., 2016.
2. Seidle, J., Foundations of Coalbed Methane Reservoir Engineering, PennWell Books, 2011.
3. Thakur, P., Advanced Reservoir and Production Engineering for Coal Bed Methane, Houston, Gulf Prof. Publ., 2016.
4. Mishra, A. and Govindarajan, S.K., Methane Gas Production from a Coal Bed Methane Reservoir: An Overview, J. Oil, Gas and Coal Eng., 2020, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 039–046.
5. Lama, R. and Saghafi, A., Overview of Gas Outbursts and Unusual Emissions, Underground Coal Operators’ Conference, 2002, P. 196.
6. Dennis, J.B., Review of Coal and Gas Outburst in Australian Underground Coal Mines, Int. J. Min. Sci. and Technol., 2019, vol. 29, pp. 815–824.
7. Close, J.C. and Erwin, T.M., Significance and Determination of Gas Content Data as Related to Coal-Bed Methane Reservoir Evaluation and Production Application, Proc. Coal-Bed Methane Symposium, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1989, pp. 37–54.
8. Zaburdyaev, V.S., Malinnikova, O.N., and Trofimov, V.A., Metanoobil’nye shakhty: dobych uglya, gazovydelenie, metanovaya opasnost’ (High Methane Mines: Coal Mining, Gas Emission, Methane Hazard), Kaluga: Manuscript, 2020.
9. Diamond, W.P. and Schatzel, S.J., Measuring the Gas Content of Coal: A Review, Int. J. Coal Geology, 1998, vol. 35 (1), pp. 311–331.
10. Standards Association of Australia. Australian Standard AS. 3980–1999: Guide to the Determination of Gas Content of Coal Seams. Direct Desorption Method, North Sydney, NSW, 1999.
11. Rekomendatsii po opredeleniyu gazonosnosti ugol’nykh plastov (Guide to Determining Coal Bed Gas), Nauch-Tekh. Tsentr Issled. Probl. Prom. Bezop., series 05, issue 48, 2017.
12. McLennan, J.D., Schafer, P.S., and Pratt, T.J., A Guide to Determining Coalbed Gas, Gas Research Institute Report GRI-94/0396, Chicago, Illinois, 1995.
13. Medek, J. and Weishauptova, Z., Desorption as a Criterion for the Estimation of Methane Content in a Coal Seam, Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation, Mastalerz M., Glikson M., Golding S.D. (Eds.), Springer, Dordrecht, 1999, pp. 559–564.
14. Skoczylas, N., Wierzbicki, M., and Kudasik, M., A Simple Method for Measuring Basic Parameters of the Coal–Methane System under Mining Conditions, Journal of Mining Science, 2018, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 522–533.
15. Saghafi, A., Discussion on Determination of Gas Content of Coal and Uncertainties of Measurement, Int. J. Min. Sci. and Technol., 2017, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 741–748.
16. Plaksin, M.S., Rodin, R.I., and Kozyreva, E.N., Framework of a Method to Determine Kinetic Properties of Coalbed Gas, TulGU. Nauki o Zemle, 2022, no. 4, pp. 445–457.
17. Nazarova, L.A., Nazarov, L.A., Polevshchikov, G.Ya., and Rodin, R.I., Inverse Problem Solution for Estimating Gas Content and Gas Diffusion Coefficient of Coal, Journal of Mining Science, 2012, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 781–788.
18. Nazarova, L.A., Nazarov, L.A., Karchevsky, A.L., and Vandamm., M., Estimate of Diffusion and Poroperm Properties of Coalbed by Data of Gas Pressure Measurement in Borehole in Solving Inverse Problem, Sib. Zh. Industr. Matem., 2014, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 78–85.
19. Nazarova, L.A., Nazarov, L.A., and Karchevsky, A.L., Method of ‘Canister Test’ Data Interpretation for Determining Diffusion and Poroperm Properties of Coal Beds by Solving Inverse Problem, GIAB, 2014, no. S1, pp. 56–68.
20. Vengerov, I.R., Teplofizika shakht i rudnikov. Matematicheskie modeli. T. 1. Analiz paradigmy (Thermal Physics of Underground Mines. Mathematical Models. Vol. 1. Paradigm Analysis), Donetsk: Nord-Press, 2008.
21. Karchevsky, A.L., Nazarov, L.A., and Nazarova, L.A., New Method to Interpret the ‘Canister Test’ Data for Determining Kinetic Parameters of Coalbed Gas: Theory and Experiment, Inverse Problems in Sci. and Eng., 2021, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1–10.
22. Polevshchikov, G.A., Kozyreva, E.N., Nepeina, E.S., Ryabtsev, A.A., and Rodin, R.I., Analysis of Kinetic Parameters of Coalbed Gas in Kuzbass, Vestn. Nauch. Tsentra Bezop. Rabot Ugol’n. Prom., 2017, no. 2, pp. 18–30.
23. Samarsky, A.A., Teoriya raznostnykh skhem (Theory of Difference Schemes), Moscow: Nauka, 1989.
24. He, X., Cui, H.-Q., Zhang, H., Wang, Z.-Z., Wang, Z.-H., and Shi, G.-S., Experimental Study and Weighting Analysis of Factors Influencing Gas Desorption, Front. Earth Sci., 2023, vol. 10. 1053142.
DETERMINATION OF ROCK MASS STRUCTURE NEAR TUNNEL BY PHASE VELOCITIES OF SEISMIC SURFACE WAVES
A. S. Serdyukov*, R. A. Efremov, A. V. Yablokov, M. N. Kormin, and K. B. Akulov
Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics,
Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
*e-mail: aleksanderserdyukov@yandex.ru
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
BAMTONNEL Science and Research Center, Novosibirsk, 630132 Russia
The field research of the geomechanical behavior of rock mass was carried out in the neighborhood of an abandoned railway tunnel by means of multi-channel analysis of seismic surface waves. For the interpretation of the results, the spectral dispersion images of waves along the tunnel were selected and analyzed. That made it possible to obtain the velocity patterns of waves in enclosing rock mass, and to identify the low-velocity zones in it. The results prove the applicability of the method of determining structure and condition of adjacent rock mass surrounding underground structures.
Rock mass, underground structures, in-situ observations, shallow seismics, condition monitoring, tunnel, surface waves
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060024
REFERENCES
1. Matveev, V.A. and Molev. M.D., Coal–Roc Mass Assessment in Longwalls Using Mining Geophysics Techniques, GIAB, 2005, no. 3, pp. 92–95.
2. Molev, M.D. and Merkulov, A.V., Information Support of Carrying Out Excavations on the Basis of Geophysical Measurements, GIAB, 2012, no. 6, pp. 55–58.
3. Zhukov, A.A., Prigara, A.M., Tsarev, R.I., and Shustkina, I.Yu., Method of Mine Seismic Survey for Studying Geological Structure Features of Verkhnekamskoye Salt Deposit, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2019, no. 4, pp. 121–136.
4. Vagin, V.B., Shakhtnye seismicheskie metody izucheniya stroeniya massivov solyanykh porod (Mine Seismic Methods for Studying Structure of Salt Rock Masses), Minsk: BelNITS Ekologiay, 2010. 5. Prigara, A.M., Features of Underground Seismics on Transverse Waves with Reflection Separation, Nauki o Zemle i Nedropol’z., 2019, vol. 42, no. 2 (67), pp. 176–184.
6. Sapfirov, I.A. and Babkin, A.I., Geological Applications of Seismic Studies at Inner Points of a Medium, GIAB, 2003, no. 10, pp. 214–218.
7. Tzavaras, J. Buske, S., Gross, K., and Shapiro, S., Three-Dimensional Seismic Imaging of Tunnels, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2012, vol. 49, pp. 12–20.
8. Rasskazov, M.I., Gladyr’, A.V., Tereshkin, A.A., and Tsoi, D.I., Seismic System of Ground Control in the Mir Mine, Probl. Nedropol’z., 2019, no. 2 (21), pp. 56–61.
9. Gradyr’, A.V., Kursakin, G.A., Rasskazov, M.I., and Konstantinov, A.V., Method to Detect Hazardous Areas in Rock Mass from Seismoacoustic Observation, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2019, no. 8, pp. 21–32.
10. Li, L., Tan, J., Wood, D.A., Zhao, Z., Becker, D., Lyu, Q., and Chen, H., A Review of the Current Status of Induced Seismicity Monitoring for Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Fuel, 2019, vol. 242, pp. 195–210.
11. Sharapov, I.R. and Feofilov, S.A., Land Passive Microseismic Monitoring in Investigation, Development and Management of Subsoil in Oil, Gas and Mineral Mining Industry, Prib. Sist. Razved. Geofiz., 2021, no. 3, pp. 10–19.
12. Park, C., MASW for Geotechnical Site Investigation, The Leading Edge, 2013, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 656–662.
13. Czarny, R., Malinowski, M., Ćwiękała, M., Olechowski, S., Isakow, Z. and Sierodzki, P., Characterization of the Tunnel–Channel Wave around a Coal Mine Roadway Based on Synthetic and Real Data, 3rd Conf. Geophysics for Mineral Exploration and Mining, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020, vol. 2020, no. 1, pp. 1–5.
14. Chen, K., Zhang, Z., and Zhou, Y., Application of Surface Wave in Reinforced Concrete Invert Detection, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2021, vol. 660, no. 1, P. 012069.
15. Dorokhin, K.A., Development and Justification of Geodynamic Assessment Method for Rock Masses Using Dispersion Parameters of Seismic Waves, Synopsys of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow: IPKON RAN, 2017.
16. Kurlenya, M.V., Skazka, V.V., Azarov, A.V., Serdyukov, A.S., and Patutin, A.V., Using Surface Waves for Monitoring Rock Mass Condition around Underground Openings and Structures, Journal of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 875–885.
17. Yablokov, A.V., Dergach, P.A., Serdyukov, A.S., and Polozov, S.S., Development and Application of a Portable Vibroseis Source for Acquisition and Analysis of Seismic Surface Wave Data, Seismic Instruments, 2022, vol. 58, suppl. 2, pp. S197–S205.
18. Serdyukov, A.S., Yablokov, A.V., Duchkov, A.A., Azarov, A.V., and Baranov, V.D., Slant f-k Transform of Multichannel Seismic Surface Wave Data, Geophysics, 2019, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. A19–A24.
SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT BY COMPUTATIONAL AND INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
V. V. Rybin*, K. N. Konstantinov, and A. S. Kalyuzhny
Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Apatity, 184209 Russia
e-mail: v.rybin@ksc.ru
Open mining operations generate deep open pits, and the industrial infrastructure and buildings become closely spaced with the open mining zone as a result. The situation requires implementation of integrated monitoring and periodic assessment of pitwall stability considering up-to-date data on properties and condition of rock mass. This article describes an approach to monitoring and assessment of pitwall stability on a hazardous site. The periodic seismic profiling reveals great disruption of the test site. The stability assessment of the test site using the limit equilibrium method shows the slope instability. It is concluded that prediction of failure zones on the test site is advisable to carry out by integrating the field inspection and computational methods of slope stability control.
Open pit mining, open pit mine, slope stability monitoring, geophysical methods of stability monitoring, rock mass deformation, pitwall, slope, bench, geomechanics
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060036
REFERENCES
1. Efremov, E.Yu. and Obogrelova, P.I., Stability of Iron Ore Pitwalls Composed of Sedimentary Rocks, Izv. TPU. Inzhinir. Georesursov, 2022, vol. 333, no. 9, pp. 178–184.
2. Liu, X., Wang, Y., and Li, D., Investigation of Slope Failure Mode Evolution During Large Deformation in Spatially Variable Soils by Random Limit Equilibrium and Material Point Methods, Comput. Geotechnics, 2019, vol. 111, pp. 301–312.
3. Starostrina, O.V., Dolgonosov, V.N., Aliev, S.B., and Abueva, E.I., Stability of Upper Levels of Permanent-Type Pitwall in the Bogatyr Surface Mine, Ugol’, 2019, vol. 1138, no. 1, pp. 27–32.
4. Kozyrev, A.A., Kaspar’yan, E.V., and Rybin, V.V., Aspects of Development of Geomechanical Processes in Deep Open-Pits’ Rock Mass, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2015, no. 4, pp. 32–40.
5. Carrubba, P. and Moraci, N., Residual Strength Parameters from a Slope Instability, 3rd Int. Conf. Case Histories Geotech. Eng., St. Louis, Missouri, 1993, P. 2.58.
6. Tschuchnigg, F., Schweiger, H.F., and Sloan, S.W., Slope Stability Analysis by Means of Finite Element Limit Analysis and Finite Element Strength Reduction Techniques. Part II: Back Analyses of a Case History, Comput. Geotechnics, 2015, vol. 70, pp. 178–189.
7. Rybin, V.V., Kalashnik, A.I., Konstantinov, K.N., D’yakov, A.Yu., Startsev, Yu.A., and Zaporozhets, D.V., Integrated Analysis of Pitwall Stability Monitoring Using Geophysical Techniques, Gorn. Prom., 2023, no. 5S, pp. 87–92.
8. Rybin, V.V., Konstantinov, K.N., and Startsev, Yu.A., Time History of Elastic Characteristics in Pitwall Rock Mass, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 736–741.
9. Rozanov, I.Yu. and Zav’yalov, A.A., Application of IBIS FM Radar to Pit Wall Monitoring at Zhelezny Open Pit Mine of Kovdor Mining and Processing Plant, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2018, no. 7, pp. 40–46.
10. Kalyuzhny, A.S. and Rozanov, I.Yu., Causes of Pit Wall Failure in Zhelezny Mine by Radar Monitoring, Journal of Mining Science, 2024, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 36–44.
11. Krahn, J., Price, V.E., and Morgenstern, N.R., Slope Stability Computer Program for Morgenstern – Price Method of Analysis, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alta, 1971, vol. 14.
12. Kalinin, E.V. and Kropotkin, M.P., Slope Stability Calculation Methods: Comparison of Russian Approaches and Global Trends, Inzh. Geolog., 2022, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 22–38.
13. Abelev, M.Yu., Averin, I.V., and Chunyuk, D.Yu., Experience of Facilities Construction on Landslide-Hazardous Slopes in Seismic Areas, Osnov., Fundament., Mekh. Gruntov, 2022, no. 5, pp. 28–32.
14. Fomenko, I.K. and Bezrukov, I.V., Stbility Assessment of Landslide-Hazardous Slope with Regard to Variation in Geotechnical Conditions. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference: New Ideas in the Earth Sciences, 2019, vol. 3, pp. 46–49.
15. Hedianto, H., Ma’arief, A.A., and Mahyuni, E.T. Analisis kestabilan lereng metode Morgenstern–Price jalan poros malino—sinjai kabupaten gowa, J. Geomine, 2022, vol. 10 (1), pp. 28–42.
16. Alok, A., Burman, A., Samui, P., R. Kaloop, M., and Eldessouki, M., A Generalized Limit Equilibrium-Based Platform Incorporating Simplified Bishop, Janbu and Morgenstern–Price Methods for Soil Slope Stability Problems, Adv. Civil Eng., 2024, pp. 1–16.
17. Ismagilov, R.I., Zakharov, A.G., Badtiev, B.P., Senin, N.V., Pavlovich, A.A., and Sviridenko, A.S., The Use (Case History) of Georadar on Construction Site of Steep-Angle Conveyor in Southern Open Pit of Mikhailovsky GOK, Gorn. Prom., 202, no. 3, pp. 84–90.
18. Makarov, A.B., Livinsky, I.S., Spirin, V.I., and Pavlovich, A.A., Pitwall Stability Control as a Framework for Meeting Global Challenges, Izv. TulGu. Nauki o Zemle, 2021, no. 3, pp. 188–202.
19. Federal’nye normy i pravila v oblasti promyshlennoi bezopasnosti “Pravila obespecheniya ustoichivosti bortov i ustupov kar’erov, razrezov i otkosov otvalov (Federal Code of Industrial Safety: Safety Regulations for Slopes of Quarries, Open Pits and Dumps), Order no. 439 as of 13 November 2020.
ROCK FRACTURE
PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF PENETRATION OF V-SHAPED INDENTER IN ROCKS IN STATIC AND DYNAMIC TESTS
E. N. Sher
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: ensher@gmail.com
The static and dynamic wedge indentation resistance tests involved plexiglass and marble samples. The static tests recorded the indentation resistance force as function of penetration depth. The dynamic tests included a rope gravity drop hammer. The tests focused on the dynamics of penetration of a dropping massive wedge into a plexiglass sample. The indentation resistance was determined using an accelerometer mounted on the wedge. Plexiglass as a model material allowed finding the shape and size of the main cracks generated by wedge indentation. The test data on the wedge indentation resistance and on the main crack size were compared with the theoretical values. The comparison showed a good agreement of theory and static experiments with plexiglass samples. In the dynamic tests, the theoretical indentation resistance appeared to be less than the test values by 25% at the most, at a good agreement between the sizes of the main cracks.
Modeling, wedge indentation, static loading, dynamic loading, rocks, indentation resistance, main crack, calculation verification
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060048
REFERENCES
1. Ushakov, L.S., Kotylev, Yu.E., and Kravchenko, V.A. Gidravlicheskie mashiny udarnogo deistviya (Hydraulic Percussive Machines), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 2000.
2. Mattis, A.R., Cheskidov, V.I., Yakovlev, V.L., Novopashin, M.D., and Labutin, V.N., Bezvzryvnye tekhnologii otkrytoi dobychi tverdykh poleznykh iskopaemykh, (Non-Blasting Technologies of Open Pit Solid Mineral Mining), Novosibirsk: SO RAN.
3. Gorodilov, L.V. and Labutin, V.N., Design Prospects of Active Buckets for Hydraulic Excavators in Construction, Proc. 5th International Symposium: Vibratory Impact Systems, Machines and Technologies, Orel: OrelGTU, 2013, pp. 112–119.
4. Gorbunov, V.F., Lazutkin, A.G., and Ushakov, L.S., Impul’snyi gidroprivof gornykh mashin (Pulse Fluid Power Drive of Mining Machines), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1986.
5. Kryukov, G.M., Fizika razrusheniya gornykh porod pri burenii i vzryvanii (Physics of Rock Fracture in Drilling and Blasting), vol. 1, Moscow: Gornaya kniga, 2006.
6. Kolesnikov, Yu.V. and Morozov, E.M., Mekhanika kontaktnogo razrusheniya (Contact Fracture Mechanics), Moscow: LKI, 2010.
7. Lawn, B.R., Evans, A.G., and Marshall, D.B., Elastic / Plastic in Indentation Damage in Ceramics: the Median/Radial Crack System, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 1980, vol. 63, no. 9–10, pp. 574–581.
8. Lawn, B.R. and Wilshav, T.R., Indentation Fracture: Principles and Application, J. Mater. Sci., 1975, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1049–1081.
9. Lawn, B.R. and Swain, M.V., Microfracture beneath Point Indentation in Brittle Solids, J. Mater. Sci., 1975, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 113–122.
10. Maurer, W.C. and Rinehart, J.S., Impact Crater Formation in Rock, J. Appl. Phys., 1960, vol. 31, no. 7. 1247.
11. Paul, B. and Sikarskie, D., A Preliminary Theory on Static Penetration by a Ridge Wedge into Brittle Rock Material, Transaction of SME-AIME, 1965, pp. 372–383.
12. Basheev, G.V., Efimov, V.V., and Martynyuk, P.A., Calculation Model for Rock Breaking with a Wedge-Shaped Impact Tool, Journal of Mining Science, 1999, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 494–501.
13. Basheev, G.V., Calculated Scheme of Rock Lump Splitting Off under the Impact of Wedge beneath a Bench, Journal of Mining Science, 2004, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 490–502.
14. Sher, E.N. and Efimov, V.P., 3D Modeling of Fracture Growth in Solid under the Penetration of Rigid Wedge, Journal of Mining Science, 2015, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 1108–1112.
15. Sher, E.N., Numerical Evaluation of Wedge Penetration Resistance in Brittle Rock Mass with Regard to Equilibrium Propagation of Main Crack, Journal of Mining Science, 2021, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 955–964.
LOSS OF LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY IN SAND BASE OF HEAVY COLUMN AND IN PLATE BURIED IN GRANULAR MEDIUM UNDER MULTIPLE WEAK IMPACTS
V. P. Kosykh* and O. A. Mikenina
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: v-kosykh@yandex.ru
The article describes the stability testing and calculation results for a heavy column set on the surface of a granular medium, and for a plate buried in the granular medium. The column and plate were exposed to a pre-limiting static load. The granular medium was subjected to multiple weak impacts. The lab-scale tests determined that under such loading, the granular medium evolved gradually to the critical condition and lost the shearing strength. The rate of approaching the critical condition grows with the number of impacts. The critical number of impacts before failure of the medium obeys the log-normal distribution. The most probable value of the critical impact number increases exponentially with the decrease in the static load. The DEM-based modeling of the stability loss in the plate buried in the granular medium yielded the results that qualitatively coincided with the test data.
Weak impacts, static stresses, granular media, shearing strength, failure, stability loss, lab-scale experiment, discrete element method
DOI: 10.1134/S106273912406005X
REFERENCES
1. Mel’nikov, N.N. (Ed.), Destruktsiya zemnoi kory i protsessy samoorganizatsii v oblastyakh sil’nogo tekhnogennogo vozdeistviya (The Earth’s Crust Destruction and Self-Organization Processes in Strong Induced Impact Areas), Novosibirsk: So RAN, 2012.
2. Sobolev, G.A. and Ponomarev, A.V., Fizika zempletryasenii i predvestniki (Earthquake Physics and Precursors), Moscow: Nauka, 2003.
3. Ponomarev, V.S., Analysis of Energy-Active Geological Environment, Geotektonika, 2011, no. 2, pp. 66–75.
4. Kocharyan, G.G., Geomekhanika razlomov (Fault Geomechanics), Moscow: Geos, 2016.
5. Goryainov, P.M. and Davidenko, I.M., Tectonic Compression–Decompression in Ore and Rock Mass as an Important Phenomenon of Geodynamics, Dokl. AN SSSR, 1979, vol. 247, no. 5, pp. 1212–1215.
6. Peng, Z. and Gomberg, J., An Integrated Perspective of the Continuum between Earthquakes and Slow-Slip Phenomena, Nature Geoscience, 2010, vol. 3, pp. 599–607.
7. Brune, J.N., Tectonic Stress and the Spectra of Seismic Shear Waves from Earthquakes, J. Geophysical Research., 1970, vol. 75, issue 26, pp. 4997–5009.
8. Stavrogin, A.N. and Shirkes, O.A., Aftereffect in Rocks Caused by Preexisting Irreversible Deformations, Journal of Mining Science, 1986, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 235–244.
9. Adushkin, V.V., Garnov, V.V., Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., and Revuzhenko, A.F., Alternating Response of Rocks to Impacting, Dokl. RAN, 1992, vol. 323, no. 2, pp. 263–269.
10. Asuhkin, V.V., Kocharyan, G.G., and Ostapchuk, A.A., Parameters Defining Energy Emission in Dynamic Relaxation of Rock Mass Area from Stresses, Dokl. RAN, 2016, vol. 467, no. 1, pp. 80–90.
11. Bobryakov, A.P., Kosykh, V.P., and Revuzhenko, A.F., Catastrophic Consequences of Prolonged Weak Action on Free-Flowing Material, Journal of Mining Science, 1995, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 15–19.
12. Bobryakov, A.P., Kosykh, V.P., and Revuzhenko, A.F., Influence of Prolonged, Weak Actions on Shear Resistance of Loose Granular Materials, Journal of Mining Science, 1996, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 100–104.
13. Lavrikov, S.V. and Revuzhenko, A.F., Deformation of a Blocky Medium around a Working, Journal of Mining Science, 1990, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 485–492.
14. Zhurkina, D.S., Klishin, S.V., Lavrikov, S.V., and Leonov, M.G., DEM-Based Modeling of Shear Localization and Transition of Geomedium to Unstable Deformation, Journal of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 357–365.
15. Zhurkina, D.S., Lavrikov, S.V., and Revuzhenko, A.F., A Model of Joint Rock–Proppant Deformation in Hydraulic Fracturing, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 713–722.
16. Lavrikov, S.V., Calculation of Stress–Strain Behavior in Softened Block Rock Mass around Mine Opening, Fiz. Mezomekh., 2010, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 53–63.
17. Krasnov, Yu.V., Nikandrov, I.S., and Shurashov, A.D., Log Law of Summing Fatigue Defects in Nonstationary Regimes, Sovr. Probl. Nauk. Obraz., 2014, no. 6.
EFFECT OF CYCLIC FREEZE–THAW ON DYNAMIC IMPACT RESISTANCE OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE
K. N. Alekseev* and E. V. Zakharov
Institute of Mining of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Yakutsk, 677980 Russia
*e-mail: const1711@mail.ru
It is investigated how the content of basalt fiber with a diameter of 23 µm influences specific energy intensity of failure in concrete D2000 and in light heat-reflecting concrete D1000. The mechanisms of alternating temperature effects on dynamic impact resistance of fiber-reinforced concrete are determined. After 12 cycles (freezing temperature – 50 ± 2 °С), the energy cost of failure in the samples of concrete D2000 at the fiber volume ratio of 2.7% totals 1962 J/m2, which is 3.6 times higher than the energy intensity of failure in the samples of non-reinforced concrete. It is found that concrete with a porous absorbing aggregate made of expanded vermiculite possesses higher dynamic impact resistibility than high-density concrete. The energy intensity of failure was 5038 J/m2 in vermiculite-containing heat-reflecting concrete and 2326 J/m2 in fine-grain concrete D2000. The failure energy intensity in vermiculite-containing non-reinforced concrete after three freeze–thaw cycles drops by 71%, from 5038 to 1473 J/m2. At the fiber volume ratio of 2.4%, the energy intensity of failure in fiber-reinforced concrete decreases by 9%, to 4608 J/m2. These results can help increase the impact resistibility of shotcrete lining, including situations after the adverse effect of cyclic freeze-and-thaw.
Fiber, basalt fiber, fine-grain concrete, heat-reflecting concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete, cyclic freeze-and-thaw, specific energy intensity of failure
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060061
REFERENCES
1. Kurilko, A.S., Eksperimental’nye issledovaniya vliyaniya tsiklov zamorazhivaniya–ottaivaniya na fiziko-mekhanicheskie svoistva gornykh porod (Experimental Research of Influence of Freezing–Thawing Cycles on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks), Yakutsk: SO RAN, 2004.
2. Avksent’ev, I.V. and Skuba, V.N., Teploizolyatsiya gornykh vyrabotok v usloviyakh mnogoletnei merzloty (Heat Insulation of Mine Openings in the Permafrost Areas), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1983.
3. Galkin, A.F., Kiselev, V.V. and Kurilko, A.S., Nabryzg-betonnaya teplozashchitnaya krep’ (Heat-Reflecting Shotcrete Lining), Yakutsk: YANTS SO RAN, 1992.
4. Vasil’ev, P.N., Kurilko, A.S., Khokholov, Yu.A., and Sherstov, V.A., Teplovoi rezhim ugol’nykh shakht Yakutti i sposoby ego regulirovaniya (Thermal Conditions in Yakutian Coal Mines and Regulation Methods), Yakutsk: YANTS SO RAN, 2009.
5. Solov’ev, D.E., Khokholov, Yu.A., and Zakharov, E.V., Change of Boundary of Unsupported Mine Opening under Influence of Freezing–Thawing Cycles, Proceedings of Scientific Conference in Memory of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences M. D. Novopashin (2011, pp. 270–273.
6. Külekçi, G., Çullu, M., and Yilmaz, A.O., Mechanical Properties of Shotcrete Produced with Recycled Aggregates from Construction Wastes, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 380–392.
7. Kholodnyak, M.G., Nazhuev, M.P., Zaretsky, A.V., Fominykh, Yu.S., and Dotsenko, N.A., Dependence of Tensile Strength of Spun Concrete in Bending on Reinforcement with Different Type Fibers, Vestn. Evraz. Nauki, 2019, vol. 11, no. 3, P. 51.
8. Kharun, M., Koroteev, D.D., Dkhar, P., Zdero, S., and Elroba, S.M., Physical аnd Mechanical Properties оf Basalt-Fibered High-Strength Concrete, Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings, 2018, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 396–403.
9. Sobolev, G.M. and Zotov, A.N., Frost Resistance and Impermeability of Modified Fine-Grain Concrete with Polypropylene Fiber, Vestn. Nauch. Konf., 2018, no. 5-2 (33), pp. 89–91.
10. Perfilov, V.A., Gabova, V.V., and Lik’yanitsa, S.V., Concrete for Construction of Underwater Oil and Gas Facilities, Inzh. Vestn. Dona, 2020, no. 11 (71), pp. 313–320.
11. Kang, J., Chen, X., and Yu, Z., Effect of Polypropylene Fiber on Frost Resistance and Carbonation Resistance of Manufactured Sand Concrete, Structures, 2023, no. 56.
12. Okol’nikova, G.E., Novikov, N.V., Starchevskaya, A.Yu., and Pronin, G.S., Effect of Basalt Fiber on Strength of Concrete, Sistemn. Tekhnol., 2019, no. 2 (31), pp. 37–40.
13. Yoo, D.-Y. and Banthia, N., Impact Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—A Review, Cement Concrete Composites, 2019, vol. 104. 103389.
14. Abbass, W., Khan, M.I., and Mourad, S., Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Different Strengths of Concrete, Construction Building Materials, 2018, vol. 168, pp. 556–569.
15. Ahmad, W., Farooq, S.H., Usman, M., Khan, M., Ahmad, A., Aslam, F., Yousef, R.A., Abduljabbar, H.A., and Sufian, M., Effect of Coconut Fiber Length and Content on Properties of High Strength Concrete, Materials, 2020, vol. 13, no. 5. 1075.
16. Babaev, V.B., Strokova, V.V., Nelyubova, V.V., and Savgir, N.L., Alkali Resistance of Basal Fiber in Cement System, Vestn. BGTU Shukhova, 2013, no 2, pp. 63–66.
17. Wang, Q., Ding, Y., and Randl, N., Investigation on the Alkali Resistance of Basalt Fiber and Its Textile in Different Alkaline Environments, Construction Building Materials, 2021, vol. 272, no. 11. 121670.
18. Borovskikh, I.V. and Khozin, V.G., Change in Length of Basalt Fiber in Spreading in Composite Binders of High-Strength Fiber-Reinforced Concrete, Izv. KazGASU, 2009, no. 2 (12), pp. 233–237.
19. Alekseev, K.N., Kurilko, A.S., and Zakharov, E.V., Influence of Basalt Fiber on Viscosity and Rupture Energy of Finely Grained Concrete, Mining Analytical and Information Bulletin—MIAB, 2017, no. 12, pp. 56–63.
20. Alekseev, K. and Kurilko, A., Strength characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Light Shotcrete, E3S Web of Conf., Khabarovsk, 2020.
21. Zakharov, E.V., Influence of Negative Temperatures on Grinding of Rocks from Different Deposits in Yakutia, Obog. Rud, 2021, no. 4, pp. 3–9.
22. Karkashadze, G.G., Mekhanicheskoe razrushenie gornykh porod (Rock Disintegration), Moscow: MGGU, 2004.
23. Drapalyuk, M.V., Mechanism of Deceleration of Fracture in Concrete, Vestn. Donbas. Nats. Akad. Stroit. Arkhitekt., 2012, no. 1 (93), pp. 110–113.
INTERPRETATION OF COMPOSITE SEISMIC SIGNALS IN DEEP MINES IN THE DONBAS
A. V. Antsiferov*, V. V. Tumanov, L. A. Novgorodtseva, A. Yu. Gritsaenko, and D. S. Borodin
Republican Academic R&D Institute of Mining Geology, Geomechanics, Geophysics and Surveying—RANIMI,
Donetsk, 83004 Russia
*e-mail: ranimi@ranimi.org
The geodynamic research of coal–rock mass in mines in the Donbas uses composite seismic signals which appear on ground surface during coal mining. The search of regular patterns in geological response of rock masses to seismic waves is based on the main physical principles of elasticity: dependence of the signal energy on the proximity to the vibration source and dependence of P-wave velocity on the density of the medium. The authors of the article discuss the results of seismic monitoring in the mine fields in the Donets–Makeevka region of the Donbas. The energy and spectrum characteristics of seismic signals are correlated with the geodynamic processes and with the geological section parameters. The direct proportional dependence is found between the total thickness of jointed rock mass and an integrated parameter including azimuth of any component of seismic waves. The analysis of spectra of composite signals shows that their frequency characteristics allow differentiating areas of maximal softening and compaction in coal–rock mass and eventually enable delineating faulting influence zones which are the anomalous accumulations of methane.
Mine fields, jointed zones, tectonic faults, geodynamic processes, surface waves, Rayleigh waves, monitoring, seismic signal, microseisms, components, amplitudes, spectra
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060073
REFERENCES
1. Mendecki, A.J. and Niewiadomski, J., Spectral Analysis and Seismic Source Parameters, Seismic Monitoring in Mines, A.J. Mendecki (Ed.), Chapman and Hall, London, 1997, pp. 144–158.
2. Ryzhov, V.A., Representative Parameters of Seismic Signals in Detecting Hydrocarbon Fluid Reservoir, Proc. Lomonosov’s 16th International Conference of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists, Moscow: SP Mysl’, 2007, vol. 2, pp. 129–130.
3. Glikman, A.G., Origination of Elastic Vibrations in Layered Media, Geolog. Geofiz., Razrab. Neft. Mestorozhd., 1999, no. 6, pp. 25–29.
4. Wollnik, F., Vom Berg, B., and Hoffmann, K., OG-Netz-basierte Digitalisierung für das Monitoring von Tagesöffnungen im Nachbergbau und andere Anwendungen, GeoResources (4-2020), pp. 33–36.
5. Mutkea, G., Kotyrbaa, A., Lurkaa, A., Olszewskab, D., Dykowskic, P., Borkowskid, A., Araszkiewicze, A., and Baranskif, A., Upper Silesian Geophysical Observation System—A Unit of EPOS Project, J. Sustainable Min., 2019, vol. 18, issue 4, pp. 198–207.
6. Drzewiecki, J. and Myszlowski, J., Mining-Induced Seismicity of a Seam Located in Rock Mass Made of Thick Sandstone Layers with Very Low Strength and Deformation Parameters, J. Sustainable Min., 2018, vol. 17, issue 4, pp. 167–174.
7. Azarov, A.V., Serdyukov, A.S., and Yablokov, A.V., Methods of the Focal Mechanism Determination of Microseismic Events Based on Modeling Full Wave Fields in Horizontally Stratified Media, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2016, no. 10, pp. 131–143.
8. Loginov, G.N., Yaskevich, S.V., Duchkov, A.A., and Serdyukov, A.S., Joint Processing of Surface and Underground Microseismic Monitoring Data in Hard Mineral Mining, Journal of Mining Science, 2015, vo. 51, no. 5, pp. 944–950.
9. Shakhova, E.V., Express-Determination Procedure for Micsoseismic Activity in Platform Areas as a Case-Study of the Arkhangelsk Region, Synopsys of Cand. Phys.–Math. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow, 2008.
10. Shmakov, V.D., Bundled Software for Solving Inverse Kinematic Problems in Microseismic Monitoring, Vestn. NGU. Inform. Technologies, 2010, vol. 8, issue 2, pp. 34–42.
11. Antsiferov, A.V., Tirkel’, M.G., and Anstiferov, V.A., Seismicheskaya razvedka ugleporodnykh massivov (Seismic Prospecting of Coal–Rock Masses), Donetsk: Veber, 2008.
12. Antsiferov, V.A., Teoriya i praktika shakhtnoi seismorazvedki (Theory and Practice of Mine Seismics), Donets: TOV ALAN, 2003.
13. Oparin, V.N., Metody i sistemy seismodeformatsionnogo monitoringa tekhnogennykh zemletryasenii i gornykh udarov (Methods and Systems of Seismic Deformation Monitoring of Induced Earthquakes and Rock Bursts), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2009, vol. 1.
14. Kobolev, V.P., Belts of Safety of the Donbas Coal Mines, Geotekhnologii, 2019, vol. 2, pp. 1–11.
15. Bulat, A.F., Makeev, S.yu., Kargapolov, A.A., Andreev, S.Yu., Zvyagil’skiy, E.L., Efremov, I.A., and Staviskiy, P.G., Seismic Control of Change in Rock Mass Behavior in the Zasyadko Mine, Geotekh. Mekhanika, 2010, issue 88, pp. 25–33.
16. Deglin, B.M., Melkonyan, A.A., and Shirokikh, N.V., Application of New Generation Equipment Zua-98: Case Record, GIAB, 2004, no. 9, pp. 92–95
17. Koptikov, V.P., Bokiy, B.V., and Mineev, S.P., Sovershenstvovanie sposobov i sredstv bezopasnoi razrabotki ugol’nykh plastov, sklonnykh k gazodinamicheskim yavleniam (Improvement of Methods and Means for Safe Application of Coal Seams Susceptible to Gas Dynamic Phenomena), Donetsk: IPP Promin, 2016.
18. Bryukhanov, A.M., Koptikov, V.P., Kolchin, G.I., and Nikiforov, A.V., Acoustic Control of Stress–Strain Dynamics in Rock Masses, Mining, Geology, Geomechanics and Surveying: International Conference Proceedings, Donetsk, 2004, Part I, pp. 459–463
19. Antsiferov, A.V., Tumanov, V.V., Lobkov, N.I., Borodin, D.S., Shalovanov, O.V., and Bazeeva, R.P., Induced Seismicity Monitoring in Influence Zones of Coal Mines in the Donbas: A case-Study of the Kalinovskaya-Vostochnaya Mine, Makeevugol, RANIMI’s Transaction, Donetsk, 2020, no. 9 (24), pp. 78–87.
20. Graf, R., Schmalholz, M., Podladchikov, Y., and Saenger, H., Passive Low Frequency Spectral Analysis: Exploring a New Field in Geophysics, World Oil. Geophys. Methods, 2007, USA, pp. 47–52.
21. Lambert, M.-A., Schmalhoz, S.M., Saenger E.H., and Steiner B. Low-Frequency Microtremor Anomalies at an Oil and Gas Field in Voitsdorf, Austria, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, Geophys. Prosp., 2009, vol. 57, pp. 393–411.
22. Nakamura Y. A Method for Dynamic Characteristics of Subsurface Using Microtremor on the Ground Surface, Quartely Report of Railway Technical Institute, 1989, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 25–33.
23. Antsiferov, A.V., Glukhov, A.A., Tumaniv, V.V., and Novgorodtseva, L.A., About Software Package for Processing the Results of Microseismic Monitoring of Coal-Bearing Rock Masses, Fundament. Prikl. Vopr. Gorn. Nauk, 2023, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 15–22.
24. Gorbatikov, A.V., Deep Earth Crust Sounding Technology Using Natural Low-Frequency Microseismicity Field, Izmenen. Okr. Sredy i Klimata, 2008, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 223–236.
25. Tsukanov, A.A., Gorbatikov, A.V., Stepanova, M.Yu., Kugaenko, Yu.A., and Saltykov, V.A., Numerical Modeling of Superresolution Effect in Microseismic Sounding, Integrated Geophysical Monitoring in Russia’s Far East: Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the Geophysical Service, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kamchatka Branch, 2013, pp. 491–495.
26. Gorbatikov, A.V., Assessablity of Parameters of Geological Objects Using Background Microseismicity Field, Advanced Processing and Interpretation of Seismology Data: International Conference Proceedings, 2006, pp. 66–71.
27. Biryaltsev E. V. and Kamilov M. R. Method Selection of Microseismic Studies Depending on the Problem Being Solved, Georesources, 2018, vo. 20, no. 3, pp. 217–221.
28. БBerezhnoy, D.V., Biryal’tsev, E.V., Biryal’tseva, T.E., Kipot’, V.L., Ryzhkov, V.A., Tumakov, D.N., and Khramchenkov, M.G., Analysis of Spectral Characteristics of Microseisms as a Method of Studying Geological Media, Collected Papers of the Mathematics and Mechanics Institute of the Kazan University, Kazan, 2008, pp. 360–386.
29. Matsushima T. and Okada H. Determination of Deep Geological Structures under Urban Areas Using Long Period Microtremors, Butsuri-Tansa, 1990, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 21– 3.
ESTIMATION OF UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TRAVERTINES USING LEEB HARDNESS
Engin Özdemir* and Osman Dolmaz
Inönü University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Mining Engineering,
Malatya, 44280 Turkey
*e-mail: ozdemir.engin@inonu.edu.tr
Inönü University, Malatya Vocational School, Malatya, 44280 Turkey
Density, porosity, P-wave velocity and Leeb hardness were determined for travertine samples from different quarries in Turkey, and the relationship of these properties with uniaxial compressive strength values was evaluated. Exponential relationships were obtained between UCS and physical and mechanical properties of test samples. The strongest relationship was obtained between UCS and the Leeb hardness, at the correlation factor R2: 0.91.
Rock, travertine, uniaxial compressive strength, Leeb hardness
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060085
REFERENCES
1. Cargill, J.S. and Shakoor, A., Evaluation of Empirical Methods for Measuring the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 1990, vol. 27, pp. 495–503.
2. Özdemir, E. and Eren Sarici, D., Combined Effect of Loading Rate and Water Content on Mechanical Behavior of Natural Stones, Journal of Mining Science, 2018, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 931–937.
3. Mishra, D.A. and Basu, A., Estimation of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock Materials by Index Tests Using Regression Analysis and Fuzzy Inference System, Eng. Geol., 2013, vol. 160, pp. 54–68.
4. Özdemir, E., A New Predictive Model for Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock Using Machine Learning Method: Artificial Intelligence-Based Age-Layered Population Structure Genetic Programming (ALPS-GP), Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 2022, vol. 47, pp. 629–639.
5. Yilmaz, I., A New Testing Method for Indirect Determination of the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rocks, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2009, vol. 46, pp. 1349–1357.
6. Khandelwal, M. and Ranjith, P.G., Correlating Index Properties of Rocks with P-Wave Measurements, J. Appl. Geophys., 2010, vol. 71, pp. 1–5.
7. Liu, Z., Shao, J., Xu, W., Wu, Q., and Chen, H., Indirect Estimation of Unconfined Compressive Strength of Carbonate Rocks Using Extreme Learning Machine, Acta Geotech., 2015, vol. 10, pp. 651–663.
8. Kitamura, M. and Hirose, T., Strength Determination of Rocks by Using Indentation Tests with a Spherical Indenter, J. Struct. Geol., 2017, vol. 98, pp. 1–11.
9. Gül, E., Ozdemir, E., and Sarıcı, D.E., Modeling Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Some Rocks from Turkey Using Soft Computing Techniques, Measurement, 2021, vol. 171. 108781.
10. Teymen, A., Prediction of Basic Mechanical Properties of Tuffs Using Physical and Index Tests, Journal of Mining Science, 2018, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 721–733.
11. Leeb, D., Dynamic Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials, NDT Int., 1979, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 274–278.
12. Meulenkamp, F. and Grima, M.A., Application of Neural Networks for the Prediction of the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) from Equotip Hardness, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1999, vol. 36, pp. 29–39.
13. Aoki, H. and Matsukura, Y., Estimating the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rocks from Equotip Hardness, Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 2008, vol. 67, pp. 23–29.
14. Viles, H., Goudie, A., Grab, S., and Lalley, J., The Use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for Rock Hardness Assessment in Geomorphology and Heritage Science: A Comparative Analysis, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 2011, vol. 36, pp. 320–333.
15. Lee, J.S., Smallwood, L., and Morgan, E., New Application of Rebou
nd Hardness Numbers to Generate Logging of Unconfined Compressive Strength in Laminated Shale Formations, Proc. of the 48th US Rock Mechanics-Geomech. Symp., 2014, vol. 2, pp. 972–978. 16. Asiri, Y., Corkum, A., and El Naggar, H., Leeb Hardness Test for UCS Estimation of Sandstone, Paper Presented at the 69th Annual Canadıan Geotech. Conf., Vancouver, 2016.
17. Corkum, A.G., Asiri, Y., El Naggar, H., and Kinakin, D., The Leeb Hardness Test for Rock: An Updated Methodology and UCS Correlation, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2018, vol. 51, pp. 665–675.
18. Su, O. and Momayez, M., Correlation between Equotip Hardness Index, Mechanical Properties and Drillability of Rocks, Dokuz Eylul Univ. J. Sci. Eng., 2017, vol. 19, no. 56, pp. 519–531.
19. Yilmaz Güneş, N., and Goktan, R.M., Comparison and Combination of Two NDT Methods with Implications for Compressive Strength Evaluation of Selected Masonry and Building Stones, Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 2019, vol. 78, pp. 4493–4503.
20. Çelik, S.B., Çobanoğlu, İ., and Koralay, T., Investigation of the Use of Leeb Hardness in the Estimation of some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rock Materials, Pamukkale Univ. J. Eng. Sci., 2020, vol. 26, pp. 1385–1392.
21. Aldeeky, H., Al Hattamleh, O., and Rababah, S., Assessing the Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Tangent Young’s Modulus of Basalt Rock Using the Leeb Rebound Hardness Test, Mater. Constr., 2020, vol. 70, no. 340. e230.
22. Gomez-Heras, M., Benavente, D., Pla, C., Martinez-Martinez, J., Fort, R., and Brotons, V., Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity as a Way of Improving Uniaxial Compressive Strength Estimations from Leeb Hardness Measurements, Constr. Build. Mater., 2020, vol. 261. 119996.
23. İnce, İ. and Bozdağ, A., An Investigation on Sample Size in Leeb Hardness Test and Prediction of some Index Properties of Magmatic Rocks, Arab. J. Geosci., 2021, vol. 14, no. 3.
24. Akbay, D. and Ekincioğlu, G., Estimating the Brittleness Values of Carbonated Rocks with Shore, Schmidt, and Leeb Hardness Values, Environ. Earth. Sci., 2022, vol. 81, no. 7.
25. TS EN 1926. TürkStandartları, DoğalTaşlarDeneyMetotları, BasınçDayanımıTayini, TSE Publication, Ankara, 2006.
26. TS EN 2010. Natural Stone Test Methods—Determination of Real Density and Apparent Density and of Total and Open Porosity, Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey, 2010.
27. ISRM. Suggested Method for Determining Sound Velocity, Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 1978, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 53–58.
28. ISRM. Suggested Methods for Determining the Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Deformability of Rock Materials, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 1979, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 138–144.
29. Ulusay, R. and Hudson, J.A., International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM), the Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring, 1974–2006, Ankara, 2007.
MINERAL MINING TECHNOLOGY
INFLUENCE OF WATER CONTENT ON ROCK MASS AND MINE SUPPORT CONDITION IN THE TAIMYRSKY MINE
A. A. Eremenko, Yu. N. Shaposhnik*, V. N. Filippov, and T. P. Darbinyan**
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia *e-mail: shaposhnikyury@mail.ru
NORNICKEL, Norilsk, Russia **e-mail: DarbinyanTP@npr.nornik.ru
Inspection of underground openings in the Taimyrsky Mine, in the previously flooded areas, revealed increased jointing, rock falls in roofs and sidewalls, dome folding in roofs and fracturing of shotcrete lining. The main cause of failures is dissolving of loose material in cracks in gabbro–dolerite rock mass, with its leaching out later on. The complex mode of the Oktyabrsky deposit ore occurrence is revealed within the Taimyrsky Mine field. Mining is greatly complicated by faulting, heavy jointing, low stability of rock mass and dynamic events induced by rock pressure. Condition of mine openings was analyzed, and samples of rocks taken in the flooding zone were tested: in uniaxial compression, the strength, deformation modulus and lateral deformation coefficient were determined; in tension, the strength was determined; the failure curves (cohesion and internal friction angle) were plotted. Stability of rock mass enclosing the Oktyabrsky deposit, including jointing, was estimated. Videoimage endoscopy was carried out in exploration and destressing boreholes in order to detect stratification and fracturing in moist zones in rock mass. The ground penetrating radar inspection of adjacent rock mass was performed. It is found that mine water and mine air have the corroding influence on metal and concrete elements of mine support. The ways of improving the mine support technology in moist rock mass areas are proposed. The recommendations on safe roadheading are made.
Mineral deposit, rock mass, mine opening, mine support, jointing, safety
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060097
REFERENCES
1. Kurlenya, M.V., Seryakov, V.M., and Eremenko, A.A., Tekhnogennye geomekhanicheskie polya napryazhenii (Induced Geomechanical Stress Fields), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2005.
2. Konurin, A.I. and Marysyuk, V.P., Geomechanical Behavior of Rock Mass at the Talnakh and Oktyabrsky Deposits, Razvitie fiziko-tekhnicheskikh i fiziko-khimicheskikh geotekhnologii osvoeniya mestorozhdenii poleznykh iskopaemykh, opasnykh po gazo- i geodynamicheskim yavleniyam (Physicotechnical and Physicochemical Geotecyhnologies for Gas-Dynamics and Geodynamics-Hazardous Mineral Deposits), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2023, vol. 3.
3. Oparin, V.N., Sovremennoe sostoyanie, problemy i strategii razvitiya gornogo proizvodstva na rudnikakh Noril’ska (Norilsk Mines: Current Situation, Problems and Growth Prospects), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
4. Eremenko, A.A., Darbinyan, T.P., Shaposhnik, Yu.N., Usol’tseva, O.M., and Tsoi, P.A., Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ore and Rocks after Flooding, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 723–728.
5. Makarov, A.B., Prakticheskaya geomekhanika (Applied Geomechanics), Moscow: Gornaya kniga, 2006.
6. Kosyreva, M.A., Eremenko, V.A., Gorbunova, N.N., and Tereshin, A.A., Support Design Using Unwedge Software for Mines of Nornickel’s Polar Division, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2019, no. 8, pp. 57–64.
7. Eremenko, V.A., Aynbinder, I.I., Patskevich, P.G., and Babkin, E.A., Assessment of the State of Rocks in Underground Mine at the Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2017, no. 1, pp. 5–17.
8. Mikulin, E.I. and Minzaripov, N.G., Improvement of Steel and Rubber Rock Bolting Design in Fringe Drifts of the North Ural Bauxite Mines, Zap. Gorn. Inst., 2004, vol. 156, pp. 143–145.
9. Deere, D.U. and Deere, D.W., The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Index in Practice, Rock Classification Systems Eng. Purposes, ASTM STP 984, Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Philadelphia, 1988, pp. 91–101.
10. Bieniawski, Z.T., Engineering Rock Mass Classifications, New York, Wiley, 1989.
11. Aksoy, S.O., Review of Rock Mass Rating Classification: Historical Developments, Applications, and Restrictions, Journal of Mining Science, 2008, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 51–63.
12. Neverov, S.A., Shaposhnik, Yu.N., Neverov, A.A., and Konurin, A.I., Integration of Russian and Foreign Rock Mass Stability Classifications for Validation of Mine Support Systems, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2022, no. 1, pp. 56–61.
13. Kuznetsov, N.N., Determining Number of Tests, as Well as Test Data Reliability and Accuracy in Studies of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks, Vestn. MurGTU, 2015, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 183–191.
14. Eremenko, V.A., Aynbinder, I.I., Marysyuk, V.P., and Nagovistin, Yu.N., Guidelines for Selecting Ground Support System for the Talnakh Operations Based on the Rock Mass Quality Assessment, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2018, no. 10, pp. 101–106.
15. Onuprienko, V.S., Eremenko, A.A., Shaposhnik, Yu.N., and Kopytov, A.I., Selection of Mine Support Systems and Designs for Underground Apatite–Nepheline Ore Mining, Vestn. KuzGTU, 2023, no. 2, pp. 56–70.
16. Izyumov, S.V., Druchinin, S.B., and Voznesensky, A.S., Teoriya i metody georadiolokatsii (Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Practice), Moscow: Gornaya kniga, 2008.
17. Izyumov, S.V., Improvement of Advanced Rock Mass Control Using Radars in Underground Mining, Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow, 2002.
18. Rushnikov, A.Yu., Some Peculiarities of Calculation of the Langelier Index for Water, Santekh., Otopl., Kondistionir., 2017, no. 7, pp. 24–29.
19. Eremenko, A.A., Darbinyan, T.P., Shaposhnik, Yu.N., Portola, V.A. and Tsoi, P.A., Oxidizability and Spontaneous Combustion of Native and Water-Bearing Ore and Rocks, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 957–964.
TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN FORMATION OF GEOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS IN DEEP OPEN PIT MINES: METHODICAL ASPECTS
V. L. Yakovlev*, A. V. Glebova, A. G. Zhuravlev, S. N. Zharikov, and E. S. Shimkiv
Institute of Mining, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620075 Russia *e-mail: yakovlev@igduran.com
The authors describe the methodological approach to formation of geotechnical systems of deep open pit mines with regard to transient processes. Parameters and figures of subsystems of a geotechnical system, and their elements have a great number of interconnections and undergo changes within the space of life of an open pit. Their formation is considered as a set of stable functioning periods and transient processes. The terminological paradigm of structure, components and parameters of the geotechnical system of an open pit mine is described in the context of the open pit mine transport. The concept of adaptation of the technology and equipment subsystems during transient processes is presented as a mechanism of optimal functioning of the geotechnical system. The provision of their dynamic equilibrium is illustrated. Optimization of transportation as the most expensive process in open pit mining is based on integration of computer modeling techniques: geometrical, process simulation and economic mathematical. The key features of pitwall stability estimates in substantiation of the geotechnical system parameters are discussed. The approach to optimization of rock mass preparation by blasting on the basis of real-time adjustment of physical and mechanical parameters of rocks and rock mass data is described.
Geotechnical system, open pit mine, transient process, adaptation, open pit transport, drilling and blasting, pitwall stability
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060103
REFERENCES
1. Yakovlev, V.L., Issledovanie perekhodnykh processes—novoe napravlenie v razvitii metodologii kompleksnogo osvoeniya georesursov (Investigation of Transient Processes—A New Trend in Development of Integrated Mineral Mining Technology), Yekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2019.
2. Kaplunov, D.R. and Fedotenko, V.S., Sustainable Advancement in Geotechnical Engineering as Transition from Mineral Mining to Development and Preservation of Natural Resources, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2021, no. 8, pp. 4–7.
3. Kaplunov, D.R. and Ryl’nikova, M.V., Development of Methodical Framework for the Stability of Functioning of Geotechnical Conditions during Introduction of New Technological Mode, Izv. TulGU. Nauki o Zemle, 2021, no. 4, pp. 24–39.
4. Burmistrov, K.V., Gavrishev, S.E., Osintesv, N.A., and Pytalev, N.A., Selection of Sustainable Development Strategy for a Geotechnical System Using MABAC1, Izv. TulGU. Nauki o Zemle, 2021, no. 4, pp. 268–283.
5. Akishev, A.N., Bondarenko, I.F., and Zyryanov, I.V., Tekhnologicheskie aspekty razrabotki bednotovarnykh mestorozhdenii almazov (Technological Aspects of Developing Low-Payable Daimond Deposits), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2018.
6. Glebov, A.V., Concept of Methodology for Mutual Adaptation of Truck-and-Convey Transport and Developing Geotechnical System of Open Pit Mine, Gorn. Prom., 2022, no. 1S, pp. 78–85.
7. Yakovlev, V.L., Glebov, A.V., and Zhuravlev, A.G., Transient Processes in Formation of Transportation Systems at Open Pit Mines, Rats. Osvoen. Nedr, 2019, no. 1, pp. 54–59.
8. Zhuravlev, A.G., The issues of optimization parameters of quarry transport systems, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2020, no. 3-1, pp. 583–601.
9. Sokolovsky, A.V., Methodology of Designing Technological Development of Operating Open Pit Mines, Theses of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow: NIOGR, 2009.
10. Valuev, A.M., Problem of Pareto Optimization of a Trajectory on a Network as a Metamodel of Multiobjective Choice of Project Parameters for Mining Enterprises, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2015, no. 11, pp. 215–223.
11. Burmistrov, K.V., Osintsev, N.A., Rakhmangulov, A.N., and Yusupov, M.E., Milticriterial Analysis of Sustainable Development Strategies for Deep Open Pit Mines, Izv. TomPU. Inzhin. Georesurs., 2023, vol. 334, no. 12, pp. 76–96.
12. Nagovitsyn, O.V., Development of Mining and Geology Information System in Modern Reality of Russian Mining Industry, Gorn. Prom., 2023, no. 5S, pp. 35–40.
13. Morozova, T.P., Prospects for Russian Digital Design Systems in Mining Industry: GEOMIX and MINEFRAME, Innovats. Investits., 2022, no. 5, pp. 132–135.
14. Camargo, L.F.R., Henrique, L., Pacheco, D., and Sartori, F., A Method for Integrated Process Simulation in the Mining Industry, European J. Operational Res., 2018, vol. 264, no. 3, pp. 1116–1129.
15. Belogorodtsev, O.V. and Gurin, K.P., Optimization of Production Processes By Development of Automated Planner of Underground Mining Operations, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2019, no. S37, pp. 51–59.
16. Nehring, M., Knights, P.F., Kizil, M.S., and Hay, E., A Comparison of Strategic Mine Planning Approaches for In-Pit Crushing and Conveying, and Truck/Shovel Systems, Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., 2018, no. 28, pp. 205–214.
17. Lel’Yu.I., Aref’ev, S.A., Dunaev, S.A., and Glebov, I.A., Development of Ideas of Corresponding Member RAS V.L. Yakovlev on Influence of Geotechnical Conditions on Performance of Dump Trucks at and Open Pit Mine, Probl, Nedropol’z., 2014, no. 3 (3), pp. 136–144.
18. Xie, H., Li, C., Gao, M., Zhang, R., Gao, F., and Zhu, J., Conceptualization and Preliminary Research on Deep In Situ Rock Mechanics, Yanshilixue Yu Gongcheng Xuebao Chinese, J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2021, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 217–232.
19. Wojtecki, Ł., Konicek, P., Mendecki, M. J., Gołda, I., and Zuberek, W.M., Geophysical Evaluation of Effectiveness of Blasting for Roof Caving During Longwall Mining of Coal Seam, Pure Applied Geoph., 2020, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 905–917.
20. Kozyrev, A.A., Panin, V.I., Semenova, I.E., and Zhuravleva, O.G., Geodynamic Safety of Mining Operations under Rockburst-Hazardous Conditions in the Khibiny Apatite Deposits, J. Min. Sci., 2018, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 734–743.
21. Lianheng, Z., Dongliang, H., Shuaihao, Z., Xiao, C., Yibo, L., and Min, D., A New Method for Constructing Finite Difference Model of Soil–Rock Mixture Slope and Its Stability Analysis, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2021, vol. 138, pp. 138–104.
22. Duran, M., Godoy, E., Catafau, E.R., and Toledo, P.A., Open-Pit Slope Design Using a DtN-FEM: Parameter Space Exploration, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2022, vol. 149, pp. 104–110.
23. Rybin, V.V., Theory of Geomechanical Justification for Rational Pitwall Design in Strong Rock Masses under Tectonic Stresses, Theses of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Apatity, 2016.
24. Neverov, A.A., Neverov, S.A., Tapsiev, A.P., Shchukin, S.A., and Vasichev, S.Yu., Substantiation of Geotechnologies for Underground Ore Mining Based on the Model Representations of Change in the Natural Stress Field Parameters, Journal of Mining Science, 2019, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 582–595.
25. Semenova, I.E. and Avetisyan, I.M., Geomechanical Foundation for Mining in Rockburst-Hazardous Conditions: Concept Development, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2022, no. 1, pp. 28–33.
26. Semenova, I.E. and Avetisyan, I.M., Predictive Estimation of Pitwall Stability in Tectonically Stress Rock Masses, Gorn. Prom., 2923, no. 4S, pp. 93–99.
27. Pravila obespecheniya ustoichivosti bortov i ustupov kar’erov, razrezov i otkosov otvalov (Stability Regulations for Slopes in Open Pit Mines and Quarries, and Dumps, Approved by Rostekhnadzor, order no. 439 as of 13 November 2020, Moscow: ZAO NTC PB, 2021.
28. Yakovlev, V.L., Yakovlev, A.V., and Shimkiv, E.S., Open Pit Mine Slope Stability: Methodological Framework, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 877–884.
29. Zharikov, S.N., Regotunov, A.S., and Kutuev, V.A., Advanced Research of Rock Fracture Laboratory at the Institute of Mining UB RAS and Development Prospects, Probl. Nedropol’z., 2022, no. 3 (34), pp. 73–90.
30. Amiri, M., Hasanipanah, M., and Bakhshandeh, A.H., Predicting Ground Vibration Induced by Rock Blasting Using a Novel Hybrid of Neural Network and Itemset Mining, Neural Computing Applications, 2020, vol. 32, pp. 14681–14699.
31. Armaghani, D.J., Mahdiyar, A., Hasanipanah, M., Faradonbeh, R.S., Khandelwal, M., and Amnieh, H.B., Risk Assessment and Prediction of Flyrock Distance by Combined Multiple Regression Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation of Quarry Blasting, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2016, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 3631–3641.
32. Armaghani, D.J., Kumar, D., Samui, P., Hasanipanah, M., and Roy, B., A Novel Approach for Forecasting of Ground Vibrations Resulting from Blasting: Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Coupled Extreme Learning Machine, Eng. Computers, 2021, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 3221–3235.
33. Sakiz, U., Kaya, G.U., and Yarali, O., Prediction of Drilling Rate Index from Rock Strength and Cerchar Abrasivity Index Properties Using Fuzzy Inference System, Arabian J. Geosciences, 2021, vol. 14, no. 5.
34. Krúpa, V., Kruľáková, M., Lazarová, E., Labaš, M., Feriančiková, K., and Ivaničová, L., Measurement, Modeling and Prediction of Penetration Depth in Rotary Drilling of Rocks, Measurement, 2018, vol. 117, pp. 165–175.
35. Hong-li Wang, Wei Bao, Xian-tang Zhang, and Tai-hui Xu, Study on Prediction of Rotary-Impact Drilling Speed of Rock Drill, Advances in Engineering, Int. Conf. Manufacturing Eng. Intelligent Materials (ICMEIM 2017), 2017, vol. 100, pp. 201–206.
36. Isheisky, V.A. and Vasil’ev, A.S., Processing, Analysis and Interpretation of Blasthole Drilling Data—Peculiarities and Problems, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2022, no. 3, pp. 16–33.
JUSTIFICATION OF EXTRACTION OF ORE RESERVES UNDER BOTTOM AND IN PITWALL ROCK MASS USING CUT-AND-FILL METHOD IN TRANSITION FROM OPEN PIT TO UNDERGROUND MINING IN THE ARTEMEVSKY MINE
Yu. N. Shaposhnik, A. A. Neverov*, A. O. Kudrya, S. A. Neverov, and A. M. Nikol’sky
Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: nnn_aa@mail.ru
The geomechanical evaluation of safety is carried out for structural components of a mining system integrating caving and backfilling in extraction of ore reserves under bottom and in pitwall rock mass. It is found that safe distance between drilling and haulage openings in neighbor stopes depends directly on the height of a mining zone. The need of sequential cutting of drilling and haulage openings in the course of extraction of ore reserves from stopes is proved. The advance of heading operations over actual stoping should be not more than one–two mine openings depending on the rock mass quality. Stoping operations should eliminate formation of any pillars across the width commensurable with the stope or smaller. It is shown that operations in undermined or overmined zones are unsafe. The parameters of structural components which ensure safety of mining are determined.
Rock mass, reserves, properties of rocks, discontinuity, extraction, drift, stope, pillar, layer, caving, backfill, modeling, mining operations stages, stresses, stability, failure, parameters, safety
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060115
REFERENCES
1. Kalmykov, V.N., Grigor’ev, V.V., and Volkov, P.V., Finding Variants of Mining Systems for Etraction of Pit Sidewall Reserves in Hybrid Geotechnologies, Vestn. Magnit. GTU Nosova, 2010, no. 1, pp. 17–20.
2. Usenov, K.Zh. and Alibaev, A.P., Extraction of Pit Bottom Reserves at Steeply Dipping Deposit with Hybrid Geotechnologies, Gorn. Zh. Kazakh., 2014, no. 4 pp. 4–9.
3. Tankov, M.S., Technology of Efficient Extraction of Ore Reserves in Pit Bottom and Sidewalls, Izv. Vuzov, Gorn. Zh., 2014, no. 4, pp. 11–17.
4. Zehirov, S., Kaykov, D., and Koprev, I., А review of Combining Open-Pit and Underground Mining Methods around the World, J. Min. Geological Sci., 2017, vol. 60, pp. 17–20.
5. Alekseev, A.V., Extraction of Sidewall Reserves in the Vostochny Open Pit Mine of the Olimpiada Deposit, International Conference of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists, Krasnoyarsk: SFU, 2016, pp. 4–7.
6. Bakhtavar, E., Shahriar, K., and Oraee, K., Transition from Open-Pit to Underground as a New Optimization Challenge in Mining Engineering, Journal of Mining Science, 2009, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 485–494.
7. Alibaev, A.P., Osmonova, N.T., and Usenov, K.Zh., Extraction of Pit Bottom Reserves Using Hybrid Mining Technology, Izv. vuzov (Kyrgyzstan), 2023, no. 6, pp. 15–17.
8. Tankov, M.S. and Shelkovy, I.S., Experience of Ore Extraction in Pit Bottom and Sidewalls in Transition from Open Pit to Underground Mining, Zap. Gorn. Inst., 2012, vol. 198. P. 37.
9. Dik, Yu.A. and Tankov, M.S., Results of Pilot Extraction of Ore Reserves from Separation Pillar at Site 1 at the Molodezhnoe Deposit, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference. Hybrid Geotechnology: Sustainable and Environmentally Balanced Subsoil Management, Magnitogorsk, 2015, pp. 51–53.
10. Volkov, Yu.V., Smirnov, A.A., Sokolov, I.V., Antipin, Yu.G., and Chagovets, G.A., Steep Dipping Ore Body Mining under Pit Bottom by Caving, GIAB, 2011, no. 2, pp. 60–64.
11. Tri Karian, Hideki Shimada, Takashi Sasaoka, Sugeng Wahyudi, Deyu Qian, and Budi Sulistianto, Countermeasure Method for Stope Instability in Crown Pillar Area of Cut and Fill Underground Mine, Int. J. Geosciences, 2016, vol. 7, pp. 280–300.
12. Shchukin, S.A., Neverov, A.A., and Neverov, S.A., Extraction of Open Pit Bottom Reserves by Room-And-Pillar Method Using Hybrid Backfill, InterExpo Geo-Sibir, 2021, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 205–215.
13. Zienkiewicz, O., The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science, McGraw-Hill, 1971.
14. Olovyanny, A.G., Mekhanika gornykh porod. Modelirovanie razrushenii (Rock Mechanics. Failure Modeling), Saint-Petersburg: Kosta, 2012.
15. Neverov, A.A., Geomechanical Assessment of Combination Geotechnology for Thick Flat-Dipping Ore Bodies, Journal of Mining Scienceе, 2014, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 115–125.
16. Turchaninov, I.A., Iofis, M.A., and Kaspar’yan, E.V., Osnovy mekhaniki gornykh porod (Theory of Rock Mechanics), Moscow: Nedra, 1989.
17. Shaposhnik, Yu.N., Neverov, A.A., Neverov, S.A., and Nikol’sky, A.M., Assessment of Influence of Voids on Phase II Mining Safety at Artemievsk Deposit, Journal of Mining Science, 2017, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 524–532.
18. Neverov, S.A. and Neverov, A.A., Geomechanical Assessment of Ore Drawpoint Stability in Mining with Caving, Journal of Mining Science, 2013, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 265–272.
19. Aizhong Lu, Ning Zhang, and Guisen Zeng, An Extension Failure Criterion for Brittle Rock, Deep Rock Behaviour Eng. Env., 2020, vol. 2020, pp. 1–12.
20. Debasis Deb and Kamal C. Das, Extended Finite Element Method for the Analysis of Discontinuities in Rock Masses, Geotechnical and Geological Eng., 2010, vol. 28, pp. 643–659.
21. Pantelidis, L. Rock Slope Stability Assessment Through Rock Mass Classification Systems, Int. J. Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., 2009, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 315–325.
THE USE OF GBK-F COMPOSITION IN FLUID FLOW IN SPACED DIPOLE MODEL TOWARDS ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
V. I. Pen’kovsky*, N. K. Korsakova, L. K. Altunina**, and V. A. Kuvshinov***
Lavrentiev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
*e-mail: penkov@hydro.nsc.ru
Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Tomsk, 634021 Russia **e-mail: alk@ipc.tsc.ru
***e-mail: vak2@ipc.tsc.ru
An oil reservoir is simulated by a model composed of two rectangular glass plates. The space between the plates is filled with glass chips of the similar chemical composition as the plates have. The model allows studying fluid flow in the spaced dipole array representing two wells located symmetrically relative to a certain center. The wells are simulated by holes drilled in the upper plate. The experimentation aimed to assess potential oil recovery enhancement in case of using GBK-F composition. The dependences of fluid flow rate on time in the pumping well, and on the water percentage in the overall fluid volume are obtained. The influence of the intermission in the fluid flow on the oil pattern in the reservoir after treatment with GBK-F composition is analyzed. The efficiency of the reagent is proved.
Laboratory-scale experiment, fluid flow, capillary cut-off, GBK-F oil-sweeping composition, enhanced oil recovery
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060127
REFERENCES
1. Pen’kovsky, V.I., Korsakova, N.K., Altunina, L.К., and Kuvshinov, V.А., The Use of GBK-F Multifunctional Composition to Reduce Residual Water Saturation of Oil Reservoir, PMTF, 2024, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 69–73.
2. Leibenzon, L.S., Dvizhenie prirodnykh zhidkostei i gazov v poristoi srede (Flow of Natural Liquids and Gases in a Porous Medium), Moscow: Gostekhizdat, 1947.
3. Collins, R.E., Flow of Fluids through Porous Materials, Reinhold Pub. Corp., 1961.
4. Polubarinova-Kochina, P.Ya., Teoriya dvizheniya gruntovykh vod (Theory of Groundwater Movement), Moscow: Nauka, 1977.
5. Evstigneev, D.S., Kurlenya, М.V., Pen’kovsky, V.I., and Savchenko, А.V., Fluid Flow Rate under Hydraulic Impulse Effect on Well Bottom Zone in Oil Reservoir, Journal of Mining Science, 2019, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 347–357.
6. Loginov, B.G., Intensifikatsiya dobychi nefti metodom kislotnoi obrabotki (Enhanced Oil Recovery through Acid Treatment), Moscow: Gostoptekhizdat, 1951. 7. Kalfayan, L., Production Enhancement with Acid Stimulation, PennWell, 2008.
8. Korsakova, N.K., Pen’kovsky, V.I., Altunina, L.K., and Kuvshinov, V.А., Influence of Injection of Thermogel on Oil Displacement by Waterflooding, Journal of Mining Science, 2016, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1047–1051.
9. Smith, E.L., Abbott, A.P., and Ryder, K.S., Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications, Chem. Rev., 2014, vol. 114, no. 21, pp. 11060–11082.
10. Yizhak, M., Deep Eutectic Solvents, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2019.
11. Qin H. et al., Overview of Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvents on Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Green Energy Env., 2020, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 8–21.
12. El-Hoshoudy, A.N., Soliman, F.S., Mansour, E.M. et al., Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Quaternary Ammonium-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent for Secondary Water Flooding, J. Molecular Liquids, 2019, vol. 294. — 111621.
13. Abbott, A.P., Boothby, D., Capper, G., Davies, D.L., and Rasheed, R.K., Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed between Choline Chloride and Carboxylic Acids: Versatile Alternatives to Ionic Liquids, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, vol. 126, no. 29, pp. 9142–9147.
14. Al-Rujaibi, O., Al-Wahaibi, Y., Pourafshary, P., and Al-Hajri, R., Simulation Study of Wettability Alteration by Deep Eutectic Solvent Injection as an EOR Agent for Heavy Oil Reservoirs, J. Petr. Sci. Eng., 2016, vol. 144, pp. 66–75.
15. Li, X., Choi, J., Ahn, W.S., and Row, K.H., Preparation and Application of Porous Materials Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 2018, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 73–85.
16. Wang, X.L., Lu, Y., Shi, L., Yang, D., and Yang, Y., Novel Low Viscous Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Combined with Acid Base Induction for the Determination of Phthalate Esters in the Packed Milk Samples, Microchem. J., 2020, vol. 159. — 105332.
17. Sanati, A., Malayeri, M.R., Busse, O., and Weigand, J.J., Utilization of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Oil Operations: Progress and Challenges, J. Mol. Liq., 2022, vol. 361. — 119641.
18. Martins, M.A.R., Pinho, S.P., and Coutinho, J.A.P., Insights into the Nature of Eutectic and Deep Eutectic Mixtures, J. Solution Chem., 2019, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 962–982.
19. Kalhor, P. and Ghandi, K., Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment, Extraction, and Catalysis of Biomass and Food Waste, Molecules, 2019, vol. 24, no. 22. 4012.
20. Shvarts, E.M., Vzaimodeystvie bornoi kisloty so spirtami i oksikislotami (Interaction of Boric Acid with Alcohols and Oxyacids), Riga: Zinatne, 1990.
21. Shvarts, E.M., Ignash, R.T., and Belousova, R.G., Reactions of Polyols with Boric Acid and Sodium Monoborate, Russian J. General Chem., 2005, vol. 75, no. 11, pp. 1687–1692.
22. Kirgintsev, А.N., Trushnikova, L.N., and Lavrentyeva, V.G., Rastvorimost’ neorganicheskikh soedinenii v vode: spravochnik (Solubility of Inorganic Compounds in Water: Reference Book), Leningrad: Khimiya, 1972.
ANALYSIS OF ORE DRAWING MODES IN SUBLEVEL CAVING USING NUMERICAL MODELING
V. V. Laptev*, O. V. Belogorodtsev, and S. V. Lukichev
Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Apatity, 184209 Russia
*e-mail: v.laptev@ksc.ru
The analysis of rock flow patterns under the cross-effect of contiguous faces uses the 3D discrete element method to reproduce ore drawing processes in underground mining at the Khibiny apatite–nepheline deposit. The study of ore drawing modes revealed the mechanisms of loss formation, as well as the rational designs of structural components of a mining systems and ore draw planograms. The numerical modeling results were verified during in-situ experimental blasting and sublevel stoping in different geological and geotechnical conditions in mines of the Kola Division of APATIT. A conception of sublevel stoping modeling is developed, and the guidelines are proposed for rating ore losses and dilution in underground apatite–nepheline ore mining.
Sublevel caving systems, design parameters, sublevel stoping, losses, dilution, extraction ratio, discrete element method, numerical modeling, ore flow shape
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060139
REFERENCES
1. Agoshkov, М.I., Bud’ko, А.V., and Krivenkov, N.А., Sublevel Stoping, Gornyi Zhurnal, 1964, no. 2.
2. Aminov, V.N., Development of Technology for Mining Pit Reserves at Thick Ore Deposits in Conditions of Russian North, Dr. Tech. Sci. Thesis, Apatity, 2000.
3. Balkhavdarov, Kh.А., Dvizhenie i istechenie rudy pri vypuske (Movement and Flow of Ore in Drawing), Leningrad: Nauka, 1975.
4. Dubynin, N.G., Mekhanika vypuska sypuchikh tel—sovershenstvovanie tekhnologii razrabotki rudnykh mestorozhdenii podzemnym sposobom: sb. tr. IGD SO AN SSSR (Mechanics of Drawing of Granular Materials—Improvement of Technologies for Underground Mining of Ore Deposits: Collection of Works of the Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR), Moscow: Nedra, 1965.
5. Laubscher, D.H., Cave Mining—State of the Art, J. The South African Institute Min. Metallurgy, 1994, vol. 94, pp. 279–293.
6. Pakalnis, R.T. and Hughes, P.B., Sublevel Stoping—SME Mining Engineering Handbook, P. Darling (Ed.), New York, Society of Min., Metall. Explor., 2011, pp. 1365–1375.
7. Dorofeenko, S.О., Modeling of Granular Medium by Discrete Element Method, Cand. Tech. Sci. Thesis, Chernogolovka, 2008.
8. Karavatsky, А.Ya. and Lazarev, Т.V., Assessment of Discrete Element Method for Predicting the Behavior of Granular Media Using Petroleum Coke as an Example, Khimicheskoe i neftegazovoe mashinostroenie, 2014, no. 3, pp. 32–36.
9. Lapčević, V. and Torbica, S., Numerical Investigation of Caved Rock Mass Friction and Fragmentation Change Influence on Gravity Flow Formation in Sublevel Caving, Minerals, 2017, vol. 7, no. 56, pp. 1–18.
10. Roessler, T. and Katterfeld, A., DEM Parameter Calibration of Cohesive Bulk Materials Using a Simpleangle of Repose Test, Particuology, 2019, vol. 45, pp. 105–115.
11. Zhuravkov, М.А., Nikolaichik, М.А., and Matievskaya, А.V., The Use of Discrete Element Method in Assessing the Unloading Parameters of Shaft Vehicles, Aktual’nye voprosy mashinovedeniya, 2022, vol. 11, pp. 195–199.
12. Clearly, P. and Sinnot, M., Axial Pressure Distribution, Flow Behavior and Breakage within a HPGR Investigation Using DEM, Miner. Eng., 2023, vol. 163, no. 6. 106769.
13. Dorado, L., Eberhardt, E., and Elmo, D., Procedure for Estimating Broken Ore Density Distribution within a Draw Column during Block Caving, Min. Technol. Transact. Institutions Min. Metall., 2021, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 131–145.
14. Power, G. and Campbell, A., Modeling of Real-Time Marker Recovery to Improve Operational Recovery in Sublevel Caving Mines, Proc. of the 7th Int. Conf. Mass Min., Sydney, 2016.
15. Vasichev, S.Yu., Konurin, А.I., Neverov, S.А., and Neverov, А.А., Study of Ore Extraction Rates in Sublevel Stoping at Great Depths, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2023, no. 1, pp. 47–53.
16. Mohamed, F., Riadh, B., Abderazzak, S., Radouane, N., Mohamed, S., and Ibsa, Т., Distribution Analysis of Rock Fragments Size Based on the Digital Image Processing and the Kuz-Ram Model Case of Jebel Medjounes Quarry, Aspects Min. Miner. Sci., 2018, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 325–329.
17. Turtygina, N.А., Modeling of the Mixing Process in Ore Drawing, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2021, no. 1, pp. 146–159.
18. Ermakova, I.А., Setting Flow Parameters when Drawing Ore in Caving Mining Systems, Tekhnika i tekhnologiya gornogo dela, 2018, no. 1 (1), pp. 4–11.
19. Liu, Z., Guo, Z., Wang, J., and Wang, R., Three-Dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling with the Integration of Ore-Forming Computational Simulation in the Xiadian Gold Deposit, Eastern China, Appl. Sci., 2023, vol. 13, no. 18. — 10277.
20. Laptev, V.V., Study of the Mechanism of Loss Formation and Ore Dilution Based on Numerical Modeling of Sublevel Stoping, Cand. Tech. Sci. Thesis, Apatity, 2023.
21. Lukichev, S.V., Semenova, I.E., Belogorodtsev, О.V., and Onuprienko, V.S., Increasing Production Capacity of Underground Mine when Mining Reserves at Deep Levels, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2019, no. 10, pp. 85–88.
22. Neverov, S.А., Konurin, А.I., and Shaposhnik, Yu.N., Stoping Safety in Sublevel Caving in Tectonically Stressed Rock Masses, InterExpo Geo-Sibir, 2021, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 311–321.
23. Demidov, Yu.V. and Aminov, V.N., Podzemnaya razrabotka moshchnykh rudnykh zalezhei (Underground Mining of Thick Ore Deposits), Moscow: Nedra, 1991.
24. Belogorodtsev, О.V., and Nagovitsyn, G.О., Selection of Technology and Sequence of Mining Underground Reserves at Gakman site of the Yukspor deposit, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2021, no. 5-1, pp. 19–28.
25. Leont’ev, А.А. and Edigar’ev, V.G., Features of Combined Development of Deposits in Different Geological and Geotechnical Conditions, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2010, no. 9, pp. 15–19.
26. Lukichev, S.V. and Belogorodtsev, О.V., Solving Problems of Underground Mining Design Using Geoinformation Technologies, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2019, no. S37, pp. 205–213.
MINERAL DRESSING
STIMULATION OF EXTRACTION OF DIAMONDS WITH WEAK AND ANOMALOUS LUMINESCENCE IN X-RAY FLUORESCENT SEPARATION USING LUMINOPHORE-BEARING COMPOSITIONS
V. A. Chanturia, V. V. Morozov, G. P. Dvoichenkova*, and E. L. Chanturia
Academician Melnikov Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources—IPKON, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 111020 Russia
*e-mail: dvoigp@mail.ru
National University of Science and Technology—NUST MISIS,
Moscow, 117049 Russia
Mirny Polytechnic Institute—Branch of the Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University,
Mirny, 678174 Russia
The authors identified the cause of loss of diamonds with nonstandard natural luminescence intensity in X-ray fluorescent separation. The technology of adjusting spectral and kinetic characteristics of diamonds is developed as treatment of diamond-bearing kimberlite material with luminophore-bearing reagents including mixture of FL-530-type luminophores and anthracene. For reaching improved stability of luminophore-bearing compositions and for the better attachment of luminophores on diamond surface, it is proposed to enhance their oil receptivity by treating with a hydrophobization agent (potassium butyl xanthate). It is suggested to ensure maximal selectivity of X-ray fluorescent separation through prevention of adhesion of luminophore-bearing composition to kimberlite grains by adding dispergators at concentrations of 1–1.5 g/l. It is shown that hydrophobization of luminophore FL-530 by potassium butyl xanthate and the use of dispergators ensure selective attachment of luminophore at the surface of diamonds with nonstandard natural luminescence, as well as their selective extraction to concentrate. The overall reduction in the loss of diamonds in X-ray fluorescent separation is proved.
Diamonds, separation, X-ray fluorescence, signal modification, hydrophobization, luminophores, compositions
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060140
REFERENCES
1. Chanturia, V.А., Dvoichenkova, G.P., Morozov, V.V., Koval’chuk, О.Е., Podkamennyi, Yu.А., and Yakovlev, V.N., Selective Attachment of Luminophore-Bearing Emulsion at Diamonds—Mechanism Analysis and Mode Selection, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 96–103.
2. Chanturia, V.А., Morozov, V.V., Dvoichenkova, G.P., and Timofeev, А.S., Justification of Luminophore-Bearing Composition for Modifying Spectral and Kinetic Characteristics of Diamonds in Flowsheets of X-Ray Fluorescent Separation, Obogashchenie Rud, 2021, no. 4.
3. Morozov, V.V., Chanturia, V.А., Dvoichenkova, G.P., and Chanturia, Е.L., Stimulating Modification of Spectral and Kinetic Characteristics of Diamonds by Hydrophobization of Luminophores, Journal of Mining Science, 2021, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 821–833.
4. Chanturia, V.А., Morozov, V.V., Dvoichenkova, G.P., Podkamennyi, Yu.А., and Timofeev, А.S., Optimization of Composition and Conditions for Modifying Spectral Characteristics of Diamonds in X-Ray Fluorescent Separation, Gornye Nauki i Tekhnologii, 2023, no. 8 (4), pp. 313–326.
5. Deryabin, V.A. and Farafontova, Е.P., Fizicheskaya khimiya dispersnykh system (Physical Chemistry of Disperse Systems), Moscow: Yurait, 2018.
6. Sorokin, М.М., Flotatsionnye metody obogashcheniya. Khimicheskie osnovy flotatsii (Flotation Methods of Concentration. Basic Chemistry of Flotation), Moscow: Publishing House MISiS, 2011.
7. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, 2018.
8. Lidin, R.А., Andreeva, L.L., and Molochko, V.A., Konstanty neorganicheskikh veshchestv (Constants of Inorganic Substances), Moscow: Drofa, 2008.
9. Database. Thermal Constants of Substances. http://www.chem.msu.ru/cgi-bin/tkv.pl?show=welcome.html.
10. Tarasevich, B.N., Osnovy IK spektroskopii s preobrazovaniyem Fur’ye. Podgotovka prob v IK spektroskopii (Fundamentals of FTIR Spectroscopy. Sample Preparation in IR Spectroscopy), Moscow: Publishing House of M.V. Lomonosov MSU, 2012.
11. Gonzalez, R., Woods, R., and Eddins, S., Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.
12. Yoon, R.H., Flinn, D.H., and Rabinovich, Y.I., Hydrophobic Interactions between Dissimilar Surfaces, J. Colloid Interface Sci.,1997, vol. 185, pp. 363–370.
13. Separator “Polyus-M”. Pasport i instruktsiya po ekspluatatsii (Separator Polyus-M. Certificate and Operating Instructions), Saint Petersburg: AO Burevestnik, 2015.
14. Park, J., Park, S., Lee, S., Kim, J., Kim, G., and Yoo, J., A Simple Synthesis Method for Zn2SiO4 : Mn2+ Phosphor Films and Their Optical and Luminescence Properties, J. Luminescence, 2013, vol. 134, pp. 71–74.
15. Demchenko, A.P., Introduction to Fluorescence Sensing. Vol. 1: Materials and Devices, New York, Springer, 2020.
16. Lai, H., Deng, J., Fan, G., Xu, H., Chen, W., Li, S., and Huang, L., Mechanism Study of Xanthate Adsorption on Sphalerite/Marmatite Surfaces by ToF-SIMS Analysis and Flotation, Minerals, 2019, vol. 9. — 205.
17. Sidorov, V.I., Malyavskiy, N.I., and Pokid’ko, B.V., Production of Low-Basic Silicates of Some Transition Metals by Precipitation, Vestn. MGSU, 2007, no. 1, pp. 163–166.
18. Liu, J., Wang, Y., Luo, D., Chen, L., and Deng, J., Comparative Study on the Copper Activation and Xanthate Adsorption on Sphalerite and Marmatite Surfaces, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, vol. 439, pp. 263–271.
19. Goryachev, B., Ya, K., and Nikolaev, A., The Effect of Copper, Zinc and Iron Sulphates on Sphalerite Flotation by Sulphydryl Collectors, Tsvetnye Metally, 2017, no. 3, pp. 7–12.
20. Bragina, V.I. and Bragin, V.I., Tekhnologiya obogashcheniya poleznykh iskopaemykh (Mineral Dressing Technology), Krasnoyarsk: IPK SFU, 2009.
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE USE OF INTERACTION PARAMETER IN SELECTION OF COMBINATION OF FLOTATION REAGENTS
D. V. Sem’yanova* and S. A. Kondrat’ev
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberia Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: d.semjanova@yandex.ru
Composition of collectors is one of the promising avenues in stimulation of flotation efficiency. When using a mix of reagents, their synergetic effect shows up not only at the mineral–liquid interface but at the gas–liquid interface as well. This study aims at connecting the synergetic effect of a cationic / anionic combination collector in reduction of surface tension with synergism of the surfactants in flotation. The tests were carried out to determine surface activity of physisorption in case of combination of these reagents. The results are comparted with the flotation activity and interaction parameter of the components of the combination. The findings can be a framework for the design approach to selecting combinations of collectors for flotation.
Flotation, combination reagent, synergetic effect, physisorption, surface tension
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060152
REFERENCES
1. Abramov, А.A., Sobranie sochinenii: T. 7: Flotatsiya. Reagenty-sobirateli (Collected Works: Vol. 7: Flotation. Collecting Agents), Moscow: Gornaya Kniga, 2012.
2. Filippova, I.V., Filippov, L.O., Duverger, A., and Severov, V.V., Synergetic Effect of a Mixture of Anionic and Nonionic Reagents: Ca Mineral Contrast Separation by Flotation at Neutral pH, Miner. Eng., 2014, pp. 1–10.
3. Nogueira, S., Collector Mixtures and Their Synergistic Effect on Quartz Floatability, REM, Int. Eng., Ouro Preto, 2022, vol. 75(4), pp. 371–378.
4. Bradshaw, D.J., Harris, P.J., and O’Connor, C.T., Synergistic Interactions between Reagents in Sulphide Flotation, J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 1998, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 189–194.
5. Bu, Y., Liu, R., Sun, W., and Hu, Y., Synergistic Mechanism between SDBS and Oleic Acid in Anionic Flotation of Rhodochrosite, Int. J. Miner. Mater., 2015, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 447–452.
6. Glembotskiy, V.А. and Klassen, V.I., Flotatsiya (Flotation), Moscow: Nedra, 1973.
7. Hao, J., Ya, G., Khoso, S.A., Wanying, J., and Yuehua, H., A New Approach for Characterization of Hydrophobization Mechanisms of Surfactants on Muscovite Surface, Separation and Purification Technology, 2019, vol. 209, pp. 936–945.
8. Xu, L., Tian, J., Wu, H., Lu, Z., Sun, W., and Hu, Y., The Flotation and Adsorption of Mixed Collectors on Oxide and Silicate Minerals, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2017, vol. 250, pp. 1–14.
9. Dhar, P., Thornhill, M., and Kota, H.R., An Overview of Calcite Recovery by Flotation, Mater. Circular Economy, 2020, vol. 2, no. 9.
10. Valdiviezo, E. and Oliveira, J.F., Synergism in Aqueous Solutions of Surfactant Mixtures and its Effect on the Hydrophobicity of Mineral Surfaces, Miner. Eng., 1993, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 655–661.
11. Jost, F., Leiter, H., and Schwuger, M.J., Synergisms in Binary Surfactant Mixtures, Colloid Polym. Sci., 1988, vol. 266, pp. 554–561.
12. Liang, S., Jinbo, Z., Lingyun, L., and Huaifa, W., Flotation of Fine Kaolinite Using Dodecylamine Chloride/Fatty Acids Mixture as Collector, Powder Technol., 2017, vol. 312, pp. 159–165.
13. Alexandrova, L., Hanumantha Rao, K., Forsberg, K.S.E., Grigorov, L., and Pugh, R.J., The Influence of Mixed Cationic–Anionic Surfactants on the Three-Phase Contact Parameters in Silica-Solution Systems, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2011, vol. 373, pp. 145–151.
14. Bagheri, A. and Jafari-Chashmi, P., Study of Aggregation Behavior between N-Lauryl Sarcosine Sodium and Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Aqueous Solution, Using Conductometric and Spectropometric Techniques, J. Mol. Liq., 2019, vol. 282, pp. 466–473.
15. Pienaar, D., McFadzean, B., and O’Connor, C., Molecular Interactions between Thiol Collectors and Non-Ionic Frothers in Mixed Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface Using a Regular Solution Theory Approach, Proc. of IMPC Int. Miner. Process. Congr., Cape Town, South Africa. 2020.
16. Rosen Milton, J. and Kunjappu Joy, T., Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, 4th ed., 2012.
17. Tian, J., Xu, L., Deng, W., Jiang, H., Gao, Z., and Hu, Y., Adsorption Mechanism of New Anionic / Cationic Collectors in a Spodumene – Feldspar System, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2017, vol. 164, pp. 99–107.
18. Bazarova, Е.А. and Mitrofanov, G.V., Synergism of Sulfhydryl and Complexing Collectors in Flotation of Copper-Nickel Ore, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Modern Problems of Integrated and Deep Processing of Natural and Unconventional Minerals, Moscow: Sputnik+, 2023.
19. Ivanova, N.I., Micelle Formation and Surface Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Binary Mixtures Twin-80 and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide, Vestn. MGU. Seriya 2. Khimiya, 2012, no. 1, vol. 53, pp. 44–49.
20. Kondrat’ev, S.A., Criteria for Selecting Collectors to Produce a Synergetic Effect, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Modern Problems of Integrated and Deep Processing of Natural and Unconventional Minerals, Moscow: Sputnik+, 2023.
21. Kondratyev, S.A. and Semyanova, D.V., A Revisit of Selection the Efficiency Criterion for Flotation Reagents of Fatty Acids Class, Eurasian Mining, 2017, no 1, pp. 24–29.
22. Konovalov, I.A. and Kondrat’ev, S.A., Flotation Activity of Xanthogenates, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 104–112.
23. Kondrat’ev, S.A. and Tsitsilina, D.M., Selectivity of Calcium-Bearing Mineral Flotation with Oxyhydryl Collector, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 283–291.
24. Sis, H. and Chander, S., Adsorption and Contact Angle of Single and Binary Mixtures of Surfactants on Apatite, Min. Eng., 2003, vol. 16, pp. 839–848.
25. Shepeta, Е.D., Ignatkina, V.A., Kondrat’ev, S.A., and Samatova, L.А., Flotation of Calcium Minerals with Combination of Reagents of Different Molecular Structure, Journal of Mining Science, 2019, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 970–983.
26. Semyanova, D.V., Synergetic Effect of Combination of Collectors in Adsorption at the Gas-Liquid Interface, InterExpo Geo-Sibir, 2021, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 116–122.
PROCEDURE FOR COMBINING COLLECTORS TOWARD THEIR SYNERGETIC EFFECT PRODUCTION IN FLOTATION
S. A. Kondrat’ev* and D. V. Sem’yanova
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberia Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: kondr@misd.ru
It is found that synergism of combination of anionic and nonionic surfactants in reduction of surface tension is connected with their synergetic effect in flotation. These effects have the same nature. The proposed hypothesis of synergism in flotation is based on the mechanism of physisorption of a collector in particle–bubble attachment. The conformity of mole concentrations of surfactants and maximal extraction of useful component to concentrate is experimentally proved. The causes of possible lack of the synergetic effect generated by cationic and anionic collectors in flotation when this effect is observed in reduction of surface tension are discussed. It is found to be necessary to take into account the interaction energy of a collector, mineral and an ambient. The analysis of change in wettability of minerals due to reagents can involve an approach using the Lifshitz theory of Van der Waals force and the acid–base interaction of contact objects. The findings can be used to develop procedures for selecting collectors and efficient reagent modes for mineral flotation.
Flotation, synergetic effect of collectors, surface tension, physically adsorbed collector, interaction energy
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060164
REFERENCES
1. Rubingh, D.N. and Mittal, K.L. (ed.), Mixed Micelle Solutions, Solution Chemistry of Surfactants, 1979, pp. 337–354.
2. Hua, X.Y. and Rosen, M.J., Synergism in Binary Mixtures of Surfactants I. Theoretical Analysis, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1982, vol. 90, no.1, pp. 212–219.
3. Rosen, M.J. and Hua, X.Y., Synergism in Binary Mixtures of Surfactants: II. Some Experimental Data, J. American Oil Chemist’s Soc., 1982, vol. 59, pp. 582–585.
4. Rosen, M.J. and Zhao, F., Binary Mixtures of Surfactants. The Effect of Structural and Microenvironmental Factors on Molecular Interaction at the Aqueous Solution, Air Interface, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1983, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 443–452.
5. Zhu, B.Y. and Rosen, M.J., Synergism in Binary Mixtures of Surfactants IV, Effectiveness of Surface Tension Reduction, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1984, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 435–442.
6. Kondrat’ev, S.A., Selecting Collecting Agents for Flotation, Journal of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 796–811.
7. Chanturia, V.A. and Vigdergauz, V.E., Elektrokhimiya sul’fidov. Teoriya i praktika flotatsii (Electrochemistry of Sulfides. Theory and Practice of Flotation), Moscow, Saint Petersburg, 1993.
8. Pol’kin, S.I., Obogashchenie rud i rossypei redkikh i blagorodnykh metallov. Izd. 2-e, pererab. i dop. (Enrichment of Ores and Placers of Rare and Noble Metals. 2nd Revised Edition), Moscow: Nedra, 1987.
9. Kondrat’ev, S.A. and Konovalov, I.A., Flotation Activity of Xanthogenates, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 104–112.
10. Von Rybinski, W. and Schwuger, M.J., Adsorption of Surfactant Mixtures in Froth Flotation, Langmuir, 1986, vol. 2, pp. 639–643.
11. Jost, F., Leiter, H., and Schwuger, M.J., Synergisms in Binary Surfactant Mixtures, Colloid Polym Sci., 1988, vol. 266, pp. 554–561.
12. Alexandrova, L., Hanumantha Raо, K., Forsberg, K.S.E., Grigorov, L., and Pugh, R.J., Three-Phase Contact Parameters Measurements for Silica-Mixed Cationic–Anionic Surfactant Systems, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2009, vol. 348, pp. 228–233.
13. Alexandrova, L., Hanumantha Rao, K., Forsberg, K.S.E., Grigorov, L., and Pugh, R.J., The Influence of Mixed Cationic–Anionic Surfactants on the Three-Phase Contact Parameters in Silica–Solution Systems, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2011, vol. 373, pp. 145–151.
14. Avdokhin, V.M. and Gubin, S.L., Reverse Cationic Flotation of Finely Dispersed Iron Ore Concentrates, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2006, no. 24, pp. 324–331.
15. Chernyshova, I.V., Hanumantha Rao, K., and Vidyadhar, A., Mechanism of Adsorption of Long-Chain Alkylamines on Silicates. A Spectroscopic Study. 1. Quartz, Langmuir, 2000, vol. 16, pp. 8071–8084.
16. Bogdanova, Yu.G., Dolzhikova, V.D., Badun, G.A., and Summ, B.D., Wetting Effect of Aqueous Binary Mixed Solutions of Cationic and Anionic Surfactants, Russ. Chem. Bull. Int. Ed., 2003, vol. 52, pp. 2352–2359.
17. Tian, J., Xu, L., Deng, W., Jiang, H., Gao, Z., and Hu, Y., Adsorption Mechanism of New Mixed Anionic/Cationic Collectors in a Spodumene-Feldspar Flotation System, Chemical Eng. Sci., 2017, vol. 164, pp. 99–107.
18. Szymczyk, K. and Janczuk, B., Wettability of a Glass Surface in the Presence of Two Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures, Langmuir, 2008, vol. 24, pp. 7755–7760.
19. Soboleva, О.А. and Krivobokova, М.V., Mixed Micelles and Adsorption Layers of Nonionic Surfactant with Cationic (Monomeric and Dimeric), Vestn. MGU, Ser. 2. Khimiya, 2004, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 344–349.
20. Van Oss, C.J., Interfacial Forces in Aqueous Media, Tailor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York, 2006.
21. Zdziennicka, A. and Jańczuk, B., Modification of Adsorption, Aggregation and Wetting Properties of Surfactants by Short Chain Alcohols, Advances in Colloid and Interface Sci., 2020, vol. 284. 102249.
22. Docoslis, A., Giese, R.F., and Van Oss, C.J., Influence of the Water–Air Interface on the Apparent Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of Hydrophilic Solutes, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2000, vol. 19, pp. 147–162.
23. Gonzalez-Garcia, C.M., Gonzalez-Martin, M.L., Gallardo-Moreno, A.M., Gomez-Serrano, V., Labajos-Broncano, L., and Bruque, J.M., Free Energy of Interaction of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Aqueous Solution with Carbon Black Surfaces, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2002, vol. 248, pp. 13–18.
24. Vidyadhar, A., Kumari, N., and Bhagat, R.P., Adsorption Mechanism of Mixed Cationic/Anionic Collectors in Quartz–Hematite Flotation System, Min. Process. and Extractive Metallurgy Rev., 2014, vol. 35, pp. 117–125.
25. Sem’yanova, D.V. and Kondrat’ev, S.A., Justification for the Use of Interaction Parameter in Selection of Combination of Flotation Reagents, Journal of Mining Science, 2024, vol. 60., no. 6, pp. 139–147.
26. Zdziennicka, A. and Jańczuk, B., Wettability of Quartz in Presence of Nonionic Surfactants and Short Chain Alcohols Mixtures, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2010, vol. 343, pp. 594–601.
27. Rudawska, A. and Jacniacka, E., Evaluating Uncertainty of Surface Free Energy Measurement by the Van Oss-Chaudhury-Good Method, Int. J. Adhesion and Adhesives, accepted manuscript.
28. Wang, J., He, Y., Wen, B., Ling, X., Xie, W., and Wang, S., Adsorption Behavior of Surfactants on Lignite Particles with Different Densities in Aqueous Medium, Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 2017, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 996–1008.
DEPRESSION OF FLOTATION-SENSITIVE SILICATES USING POLYMERIC ANION ACTIVE REAGENTS
A. A. Lavrinenko, I. N. Kuznetsova, and G. Yu. Gol’berg*
Academician Melnikov Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources—IPKON, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, 111020 Russia
*e-mail: gr_yu_g@mail.ru
The authors investigate depression of talc in its monomineral flotation with polymeric anion active reagents: carboxy methyl starch and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMS and CMC, respectively), sulfonates, as well as compounds with polyvalent cations of metals. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate with molecular mass of 106 kg/kmol is more effective in talc depression than sulfonates of smaller molecular mass, but gives way to CMS and CMC. Cations of Mg and Al at concentration of 2.5 mg/l increase efficiency of talc depression with sodium polystyrene sulfonate by 4%. The further rise in concentration of cations of metals weakens depression of talc. Addition of sodium polystyrene sulfonate up to concentration of 250 mg/l changes electrokinetic potential of talc from –20 to –32 mV. As compared with CMS and CMC, polymeric sulfonates have lesser adsorption affinity to talc. The authors propose two alternative mechanisms of interaction between polymeric sulfonates and basal surface of talc: without polyvalent cations of metals and with preliminary addition of these cations.
Talc, flotation, hydrophobic behavior, depression, polymeric sulfonates, carboxy methyl starch, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyvalent cations of metals, electrokinetic potential
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060176
REFERENCES
1. Chernousenko, ЕV. and Kameneva, Yu.S., The Use of Tecflote Family Collectors in Copper–Nickel Ore Flotation, Journal of Mining Science, 2021, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1014–1024.
2. Douillard, J.M., Zajac, J., Malandrini, H., and Clauss, F., Contact Angle and Film Pressure: Study of a Talc Surface, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2021, vol. 255, no. 2, pp. 341–351.
3. Galet, L., Goalard, C., and Dodds, J.A., The Importance of Surface Energy in the Dispersion Behavior of Talc Particles in Aqueous Media, Powder Technol., 2009, vol. 190, no. 1–2, pp. 242–246.
4. Krasavtseva, Е.А. and Goryachev, А.А., Review of Methods for Talc Depression in Flotation of Copper-Nickel Ore, Trudy KNTS RAN, 2019, vol. 10, no. 6 (1), pp. 149–154.
5. Kuznetsova, I.N., Lavrinenko, А.А., Shrader, E.А., and Sarkisova, L.М., Reducing the Extraction of Flotation-Active Silicates to Bulk Concentrate in Flotation of Low-Sulfide Platinum Metal Ore, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin—MIAB, 2019, no. 5, pp. 200–208.
6. Lavrinenko, А.А., Kuznetsova, I.N., Lusinyan, О.G., and Gol’berg, G.Yu., Use of Domestic Polymeric Anion Active Depressants in Flotation of Cut-Off Grade Talcose Copper-Nickel Ore, Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya, 2023, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 5–14.
7. Lavrinenko, А.А., Kuznetsova, I.N., Gol’berg, G.Yu., and Lusinyan, О.G., Combined Use of Liquid Glass and Polysaccharides in Flotation of Talcose Copper-Nickel Ore, Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya, 2024, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 5–15.
8. Mai, Q., Zhou, H., and Ou, L., Flotation Separation of Chalcopyrite and Talc Using Calcium Ions and Calcium Lignosulfonate as a Combined Depressant, Metals, 2021, vol. 11, no. 4. 651.
9. Fu, Y., Zhu, Z., Yao, J., Han, H., Yin, W., and Yang, B., Improved Depression of Talc in Chalcopyrite Flotation Using a Novel Depressant Combination of Calcium Ions and Sodium Lignosulfonate, Colloids Surfaces A, 2018, vol. 558, pp. 88–94.
10. Mua, Y., Peng, Y., and Lauten, R.A., The Mechanism of Pyrite Depression at Acidic pH by Lignosulfonate-Based Biopolymers with Different Molecular Compositions, Miner. Eng., 2016, vol. 92, pp. 37–46.
11. Liang, G., Chimonyo, W., Lv, J., and Peng, Y., Differential Depression of Calcium Lignosulfonate on Chalcopyrite and Molybdenite Flotation with Collector Kerosene, Miner. Eng., 2023, vol. 201. 108192.
12. El-Saied, H., Basta, A.H., Hanna, A.A., and El-Sayed, A.M., Semiconductor Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Copper Complexes, Polymer-Plastics Technol. Eng., 1999, vol. 38, no. 5.
13. Hosny, W.M., Abdel Hadi, A.K., El-Saied, H., and Basta, A.H., Metal Chelates with some Cellulose Derivatives. Part II. Synthesis and Structural Chemistry of Nickel (II) and Copper (II) Complexes with Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Polymer International, 1995, vol. 37, pp. 93–96.
14. Moleko-Boyce, P., Hosten, E.C., and Tshentu, Z.R., Sulfonato Complex Formation rather than Sulfonate Binding in the Extraction of Base Metals with 2,20-Biimidazole: Extraction and Complexation Studies, Crystals, 2023, vol. 13. 1350.
15. Wang, J., and Somasundaran, P., Adsorption and Conformation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose at Solid-Liquid Interfaces Using Spectroscopic, AFM and Allied Techniques, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2005, vol. 291, no. 1, pp. 75–83.
16. Tiraferri, A., Maroni, P., and Borkovec, M., Adsorption of Polyelectrolytes to Like-Charged Substrates Induced by Multivalent Counterions as Exemplified by Poly (Styrene Sulfonate) and Silica, Physical Chem. Chemical Phys., 2015, no. 17, pp. 10348–10352.
17. Lavrenko, P.N., Okatova, O.V., Dauttsenberg, Kh., and Filipp, B., Diffusion and Sedimentation of Monosubstituted Carboxymethyl Cellulose in Deca-Diluted Aqueous Cadoxene, Polym. Sci. U.S.S.R., 1991, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 937–944.
18. Pavlov, G.М., Gubarev, А.S., Zaitseva, I.I., and Fedotov, Yu.A., Spontaneous Birefringence in Films of Some Phenyl-Containing Polymers, Vysokomolekulyarnye soedineniya. Seriya B, 2007, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 1571–1576.
ASSESMENT OF FLOTATION ACTIVITY OF THIOL COLLECTORS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF KINETIC CURVES OF PYRITE FLOTATION
B. E. Goryachev*, D. V. Shekhirev**, Zhao Zai Ya, and Naing Lin U
National University of Science and Technology—NUST MISIS,
Moscow, 119991 Russia
*e-mail: beg@misis.ru
**e-mail: shekhirev.dv@misis.ru
Test flotation of pyrite used potassium butyl xanthate and sodium butyl dithiophosphate as collectors. The study of the influence exerted by the nature of a sulfhydryl collector on the flotation ability of pyrite included pyrite samples – 74 + 44 µm in size. The findings on froth flotation of pyrite with addition of one or two traditional sulfhydryl collectors which display similar collecting action in treatment of pyrite at pH 8 are described. From the analysis of the kinetic curves of pyrite flotation, a new approach to the assessment of flotation activity of thiol collectors is proposed.
Pyrite, xanthate, dithiophosphate, flotation kinetics, floatability size, thiol reagents, sulfhydryl collectors
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060188
REFERENCES
1. Tikhonov, О.N., Zakonomernosti effektivnogo razdeleniya mineralov v protsessakh obogashcheniya poleznykh iskopayemykh (Regularities of Efficient Mineral Separation in Dressing), Moscow: Nedra, 1984.
2. Tikhonov, О.N., Teoriya razdeleniya mineralov (Theory of Mineral Separation), Saint Petersburg: SPbGGI, 2008.
3. Abramov, А.А., Flotatsionnye metody obogashcheniya (Flotation Methods of Enrichment), Moscow: Gornaya Kniga, 2008.
4. Rebinder, P.А, Fizikokhimiya flotatsionnykh protsessov (Physicochemistry of Flotation Processes), Moscow: Metallurgizdat, 1933.
5. Razumov, K.А., Floatability Index in Coalescent Flotation, Obogashchenie Rud, 1964, no. 6, pp. 21–26.
6. Razumov, K.А., Flotatsionnyi metod obogashcheniya (Flotation Method of Enrichment), Leningrad: LGI, 1975.
7. Kondrat’ev, S.A., Selecting Collecting Agents for Flotation, Journal of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 796–811.
8. Kondrat’ev, S.A., Surface Tension of a Solution of Collectors as a Performance Measure of Their Physisorption, Journal of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 638–648.
9. Goden, А.М., Flotatsiya (Flotation), Moscow: Gosgortekhizdat, 1959.
10. Samygin, V.D., Filippov, L.О., and Shekhirev, D.V., Osnovy obogashcheniya rud (Fundamentals of Ore Beneficiation), Moscow: Alteks, 2003.
11. Shekhirev, D.V., Procedure for Calculating the Distribution of Material by Floatability, Obogashchenie Rud, 2022, no. 4, pp. 27–35.
12. Beloglazov, K.F., Zakonomernosti flotatsionnogo protsessa (Regularities of Flotation Process), Moscow: Metallurgizdat, 1947.
13. Goryachev, B.E., Naing Lin U, and Nikolaev, А.А., Flotation Features of Pyrite from a Copper-Zinc Deposit in the Ural Region Using Potassium Butyl Xanthate and Sodium Dithiophosphate, Tsvetnye Metally, 2014, no. 6, pp. 16–22.
CHANGE IN FOAMABILITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF NONIONIC COLLECTORS OF SLIMES IN ULTRASOUND TREATMENT
A. V. Chernyshev*, V. Z. Poilov, I. D. Sen’kina, and E. S. Shestakova
Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, 614990 Russia
*e-mail: alexcher-1997@yandex.ru
Preliminary ultrasound treatment of reagents meant for the flotation of slimes is studied. The study of the influence exerted by the ultrasound treatment applied to water solutions of nonionic collectors for flotation desliming of sylvinite ore focused on the change in characteristics of the generated foams: foam volume and height, foam ratio, moisture content, stability and breakdown rate. It is found that foamability of the solutions, foam ratio and “dryness” increase with the increasing sound power, whereas foam stability drops. The possibility of enhancing foamability and reducing stability of three-phase foams is assessed.
Collector, flotation desliming, ultrasound treatment, unit power, foamability, foam stability, surface tension
DOI: 10.1134/S106273912406019X
REFERENCES
1. Farrokhpay, S., Ndlovu, B., and Bradshaw, D., Behaviour of Swelling Clays versus Nonswelling Clays in Flotation, J. Miner. Eng., 2016, vol. 96, pp. 59–66.
2. Jeldres, R.I., Uribe, L., Cisternas, L.A., Gutierrez, L., Leiva, W.H., and Valenzuela, J., The Effect of Clay Minerals on the Process of Flotation of Copper—A Critical Review, J. Appl. Clay Sci., 2019, vol. 170, pp. 57–69.
3. Ryl’nikova, М.V., Berger, R.V., Yakovlev, I.V., Tatarnikov, V.I., and Zubkov, P.O., Backfill Technologies and Designs for Deep-Level Sylvinite Mining, Journal of Mining Science, 2024, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 332–340.
4. Seredkina, О.R., Rakhimova, О.V., and Lanovetsky, S.V., Study of Influence of Fractional Composition of Sylvinite Ore on Flocculation Efficiency of Clay Slime, Proc. of the 20th Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry, Yekaterinburg, 2016.
5. Irannajad, M., Nuri, O.S., and Mehdilo, A., Surface Dissolution-Assisted Mineral Flotation: A Review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2019, vol. 7, pp. 37–43.
6. Gao, Z., Bai, D., Sun, W., Cao, X., and Hu, Y., Selective Flotation of Scheelite from Calcite and Fluorite Using a Collector Mixture, J. Miner. Eng., 2015, vol. 72, pp. 23–26.
7. Kondrat’ev, S.A. and Moshkin, N.P., The Particle–Bubble Behavior in Flotation in Low-Viscous Liquid, Journal of Mining Science, 2024, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 133–143.
8. Wang, H., Yang, W., Yan, X., Wang, L., Wang, Y., and Zhang, H., Regulation of Bubble Size in Flotation: A Review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2020, vol. 8, no 5. — 104070.
9. Shah, P.S. and Mahalingam, R., Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction in Liquid Foam Reactors, J. AIChE, 1985, vol. 30, no 6, pp. 24–34.
10. Ashrafizadeh, S.N. and Ganjizade, A., Liquid Foams: Properties, Structures, Prevailing Phenomena and Their Applications in Chemical / Biochemical Processes, J. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2024, vol. 325. 103109.
11. Bogdanov, О.S., Maksimov, I.I., Podnek, А.K., and Yanis, N.А., Teoriya i tekhnologiya flotatsii rud (Ore Flotation Theory and Technology), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
12. Belhaij, A. and Almahdy, O., Foamability and Foam Stability of Several Surfactant Solutions: The Role of Screening and Flooding, J. Pet. Environ. Biotechnol., 2015, vol. 6, no. 4. 1000227.
13. Wang, J., Nguyen, A.V., and Farrokhpay, S., A Critical Review of the Growth, Drainage and Collapse of Foams, J. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2016, vol. 228, pp. 55–70.
14. Le Roux, J.D. and Craig, I.K., State Controllability of a Froth Flotation Cell, J. IFAC-Pap, 2019, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 54–59.
15. Prud’homme, R., Foams: Theory: Measurements: Applications, Routledge, 2017.
16. Sakai, T. and Kaneko, Y., The Effect of some Foam Boosters on the Foamability and Foam Stability of Anionic Systems, J. Surfactants Deterg., 2004, vol. 7, no 3, pp. 291–295.
17. Fang, J., Ge, Y., and Yu, J., Effects of Particle Size and Wettability on Froth Stability in a Collophane Flotation System, J. Powder Technol, 2021, vol. 379, pp. 576–584.
18. Zhang, N., Chen, X., and Peng, Y., Effects of Froth Properties on Dewatering of Flotation Products— A Critical Review, J. Miner. Eng, 2020, vol. 155, p. 106477.
19. Mackay, I., Mendez, E., Molina, I., Videla, A.R., Cilliers, J.J., and Brito-Parada, P.R., Dynamic Froth Stability of Copper Flotation Tailings, J. Miner. Eng., 2018, vol. 124, pp. 103–107.
20. Szczerkowska, S., Wiertel-Pochopien, A., Zawala, J., Larsen, E., and Kowalczuk, P.B., Kinetics of Froth Flotation of Naturally Hydrophobic Solids with Different Shapes, J. Miner. Eng., 2018, vol. 121, pp. 90–99.
21. Zhang, N., Chen, X., Nicholson, T., and Peng, Y., The Effect of Froth on the Dewatering of Coals, J. an Oscillatory Rheology Study, 2018, vol. 222, pp. 362–369.
22. Zhang, N., Chen, X., Nicholson, T., and Peng, Y., The Effect of Saline Water on the Settling of Coal Slurry and Coal Froth, J. Powder Technol., 2019, vol. 344, pp. 161–168.
23. Vilkova, N.G., Mishina, S.I., and Deputatov, Е.D., The Influence of pH of the Environment on the Properties and Stability of Foams Containing Titanium Dioxide as a Stabilizer, Proc. the 9th International Scientific Conference, Luxembourg, 2019.
24. Likhomanov, А.О., Govor, E.G., and Kamlyuk, А.N., On Relationship between Geometric Parameters of Sprinkler, Foam Stability and Foam Ratio, Vestn. Univer. Grazhdansk. Zashchity MCHS Belarusi, 2021, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 174–185.
25. Vilkova, N.G., Mishina, S.I., and Kuznetsov, D.A., Effect of Ultrasound on the Change in Volume Fraction of Liquid in Foam and Foam Stability, Vestn. Tekhnol. Univ., 2024, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 36–40.
26. Burov, V.E., Poilov, V.Z., Potapov, I.S., and Kuz’minykh, К.G., Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on Structural Properties and Colloidal State of Sylvinite Flotation Collector, Journal of Mining Science, 2024, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 154–162.
27. Ozkan, S.G., Further Investigations on Simultaneous Ultrasonic Coal Flotation, J. Minerals, 2017, vol. 7, no. 10, p. 177.
28. Chen, Y., Truong, N.T., Bu, X., and Xie, G., A Review of Effects and Applications of Ultrasound in Mineral Flotation, J. Ultrason. Sonochem, 2020, vol. 60. — P. 104739.
29. Burov, V.E., Poilov, V.Z., Sazhina, M.M., and Huang, Zh., Effect of Ultrasound on Reagent Compositions Foaming Properties Used in Mineral Flotation, J. ChemTech, 2022, vol. 65, no 9, pp. 81–89.
30. Burov, V.E., Gallyamov, А.N., Fedotova, О.А., and Poilov, V.Z., Effect of Ultrasound Treatment on Foamabilty of Amine Hydrochloride Solution, Vestn. PGNIU, 2020, no. 4, pp. 133–147. 31. Munin, D.А., Vakhrushev, V.V., and Poilov, V.Z., Assessment of Foamability and Foam Stability of Amine Hydrochloride Solution after Ultrasound Treatment, Vestn. PGNIU, 2015, no. 4, pp. 101–110. 32. Abramzon, А.А., Bocharov, V.V. et al., Poverkhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva: spravochnik (Surfactants: A Reference Book), Leningrad: Khimiya, 1979.
33. Vazquez, M., Fuentes, J., Hincapie, A., Garbayo, I., Vílchez, C., and Cuaresma, M., Selection of Microalgae with Potential for Cultivation in Surfactant-Stabilized Foam, J. Algal Research, 2018, vol. 31, pp. 216–224.
34. Samanta, S. and Ghosh, P., Coalescence of Bubbles and Stability of Foams in Aqueous Solutions of Tween Surfactants, J. Chem. Eng. Res. Design, 2011, vol. 89, no. 11, pp. 2344–2355.
35. Delforce, L. and Tcholakova, S., Role of Temperature and Urea for Surface and Foam Properties of Nonionic Surfactans with Dodecyl Alkyl Chain, J. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2024, vol. 691. 133844.
36. Chernyshev, A.V., Burov, V.E., and Poilov, V.Z., Effect of Ultrasound on a Viscosity-Temperature Properties of Collector for Sludge Flotation, Chemistry. Ecology. Urban Science: Proc. of All-Russian with International Participation, Perm, 2022.
37. Chernyshev, A.V., Poilov, V.Z., Burov, V.E., and Kuz’minykh, К.G., Effect of Ultrasound Treatment on Physicochemical Characteristics of Flotation Collectors Used in Sylvinite Ore Desliming, Obogashchenie Rud, 2023, no. 5, pp. 25–30.
38. Arzhavitina, A. and Steckel, H., Foams for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Application, Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 2010, vol. 394, no 1-2, pp. 1–17.
39. Fameau, A. and Salonen, A., Effect of Particles and Aggregated Structures on the Foam Stability and Aging, Comptes Rendus Physique, 2014, vol. 15, no. 8-9, pp. 748–760.
40. Tikhomirov, V.К., Peny. Teoriya i praktika ikh polucheniya i razrusheniya (Foams. Theory and Practice of Their Production and Breakdown), Moscow: Khimiya, 1975.
ELECTRIC DISINTEGRATION OF SPODUMENE PEGMATITES INTO MINERAL FRACTIONS FOR LITHIUM EXTRACTION
A. S. Yudin, K. L. Novoselov, S. Yu. Datskevich, M. Yu. Zhurkov*, and N. T. Vorogushin**
Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University,
Tomsk, 634050 Russia
*e-mail: zhurkov@tpu.ru
Chemical Metallurgical Plant–CMP,
Krasnoyarsk, 660079 Russia
**e-mail: vorogushin@gmail.com
Electric disintegration of spodumene pegmatites is investigated. It is found that treatment with electric pulses ensures partial dissociation of monomineral spodumene, and the best extraction of spodumene crystals, either with or without concretions, takes place when initial rock is ground to a size of 1 to 4 mm. The crystals of spodumene remain unbroken, as in mechanical treatment, and represent whole pieces. The gravity separation later on allows production of spodumene concentrate for the subsequent lithium extraction.
Spodumene, lithium, ore, pegmatite, concretion, disintegration, fracture, minerals, electric method, grinding
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060206
REFERENCES
1. Makarov, A.A., Mitrova, T.A., and Kulagin, V.A. (eds.), Prognoz razvitiya energetiki mira i Rossii 2019 (Forecast for the Development of Energy Sector in the World and Russia 2019), Moscow: INEI RAN, 2019.
2. Boyarko, G.Yu., Khat’kov, V.Yu., and Tkacheva, Е.V., Russia’s Lithium Resource Potential, Izv. TPU. Inzhiniring georesursov, 2022, vol. 333, no. 12, pp. 7–16.
3. Tsivadze, A.Y., Bezdomnikov, A.A., and Kostikova, G.V., The Lithium Boom: Lithium Sources and Prospects for the Russian Lithium Industry, Geol. Ore Deposits, 2023, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 463–468.
4. Ryabtsev, А.D., Processing of Lithium-Bearing Polycomponent Hydromineral Raw Materials Based on Their Enrichment in Lithium, Dr. Tech. Sci. Thesis, Tomsk, 2011.
5. Ryabtsev, А.D., Hydromineral Raw Materials as Inexhaustible Source of Lithium in the 21st Century, Izv. TPU, 2004, vol. 307, no. 7, pp. 64–70.
6. Vladimirov, А.G., Lyakhov, N.Z., and Zagorsky, V.E., Lithium Deposits of Spodumene Pegmatites in Siberia, Khimiya v interesakh ustoychivogo razvitiya, 2012, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 3–20.
7. Naumov, D.V., Kurkov, А.V., Anufrieva, S.I., Cheprasov, I.V., and Vorogushin, N.T., Assessment of a Set of Physical Methods for Enriching Lean Dumps of Spodumene-Bearing Ore Processing Waste, Trudy KNTS RAN, Seriya: Tekhn. nauki, 2023, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 188–191.
8. Yusupov, Т.S., Isupov, V.P., Vladimirov, А.G., Zagorsky, V.E., Kirillova, Е.А., Shumskaya, L.G., Shatskaya, S.S., and Lyakhov, N.Z., Analysis of Material Composition and Dissociation Potential of Minerals in Mine Waste to Assess Productivity of Lithium Concentrates, Journal of Mining Science, 2015, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 144–150.
9. Mesyats, G.A., On the Nature of the Vorob’evs effect in the Physics of Pulsed Breakdown of Solid Dielectrics, Pis’ma v ZHTF, 2005, vol. 31, no. 24, pp. 51–59.
10. Zherlitsyn, А.А., Alekseenko, V.М., and Kumpyak, Е.V., Electrophysical Installations for Grinding Materials by Electric Discharges, Materials. Technologies. Design, 2023, vol. 5, no. 4 (14), pp. 97–114.
11. Usov, А.F. and Borodulin, V.V., Electrical Engineering Support for Destroying Materials by Electric Pulses: Problem and Solutions, Miner’s Week-2007. Conference Proceedings, 2007, pp. 164–170.
12. Huang, W. and Chen, Y., The Application of High Voltage Pulses in the Mineral Processing Industry—A Review, Powder Technol., 2021, vol. 393, pp. 116–130.
13. High Voltage Pulse Power Machines—SELFRAG AG. Available at: https://www.selfrag.com/high-voltage-pulse-power-machines.
14. Finkelstein, G.A. and Shuloyakov, A.D., On Prospects of Electric Pulse Disintegration from Energy Balance Standpoint, Miner. Proc. Extractive Metal. Rev., 1996, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 167–174.
15. Кurets, V.I., Filatov, G.P., and Yushkov, А.Yu., Grinding of Kimberlite by Electric Pulses, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Innovative Methods of Integrated and Deep Mineral Processing (Plaksin’s Lectures–2013), 2013.
16. Burkin, V.V., Kuznetsova, N.S., and Lopatin, V.V., Dynamics of Electro Burst in Solids: I. Power Characteristics of Electro Burst, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2009, vol. 42, no. 18. — 185204.
17. Wang, E., Shi, F., and Manlapig, E., Pre-Weakening of Mineral Ores by High Voltage Pulses, Miner. Eng., 2011, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 455–462.
18. Wang, E., Shi, F., and Manlapig, E., Mineral Liberation by High Voltage Pulses and Conventional Comminution with same Specific Energy Levels, Miner. Eng., 2012, vol. 27–28, pp. 28–36.
A MIXTURE OF ACTIVATED CARBON AND SCHIFF’S BASE SALICYLIDENEANILINE TO EXTRACT ZINC, IRON AND COPPER FROM LEACHED SOLUTION
E. Djenette*, R. Abdelkrime, E. C. Yasmine, and B. Djamel
Center for Scientific and Technical Research for Arid Regions Biskra (CRSTRA), Algeria
University of Biskra, Algeria
*e-mail: lbardjenette@gmail.com
Our study emphases on two key environmental aspects essential for sustainability. We are probing agricultural residues as valuable resources for waste valorisation. Additionally, we are evaluating activated carbon's ability to adsorb heavy metals. We have developed an efficient and eco-friendly method for extracting metals from leached solution by using this activated carbon combined with Schiff's base salicylideneaniline. This enhancement improves the carbon's adsorption properties for better heavy metal removal. Our extensive studies optimize parameters: pH, HSA concentration, and contact time of the separation process, boosting efficiency for real-world applications. Separation of the components is effectually accomplished during the selective extraction. The effective iron adsorption at an equilibrium pH of 2.4 to 3.4, where iron has a strong affinity for retention. Equally, copper can be selectively extracted by adjusting the pH between 3.9 and 4.9, facilitating its separation from other metals. Additionally, zinc can be recovered by advance changing the pH among 5.05 and 6.05, ensuring proper separation and handling of each metal according to their specific pH requirements. The stoichiometry of organometallic complexes corresponding to both specific metals was determined by employing the log-log slope method, which is a widely recognized technique for analysing such chemical compositions. Research on metal extraction from leached water using HSA and AC has shown significant results, especially in selectivity and yield. Iron is extracted with notably higher selectivity than zinc, achieving a yield of 72% in just 35 minutes, demonstrating the method's efficiency for iron. In contrast, copper and zinc show lower yields; copper reaches only 65% but needs 45 minutes, while zinc achieves a 70% yield after 55 minutes. These results show the different effectiveness of removal methods for various metals, highlighting distinct experiments and efficiencies. Complete, the study reveals the complex dynamics of metal extraction from leached solution.
Removal of heavy metals, zinc, iron, copper, HSA, activated carbon, selective extraction, the distribution coefficient, adsorption
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060218
REFERENCES
1. Hama Aziz, K.H., Mustafa, F.S., Omer, K.M., Hama, S., Hamarawf, R.F., and Rahman, K.O., Heavy Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment: Efficient and Low-Cost Removal Approaches to Eliminate Their Toxicity: A Review, RSC Adv., 2023, vol. 13, pp. 17595–17610.
2. Kinnunen, P.H.M. and Kaksonen, A.H., Towards Circular Economy in Mining: Opportunities and Bottlenecks for Tailings Valorization, J. Clean. Prod., 2019, vol. 228, pp. 153–160.
3. Pourret, O., Bollinger, J.C., and Hursthouse, A., Heavy Metal: A Misused Term? ActaGeochim., 2021, vol. 40, pp. 466–471.
4. Suman, J., Uhlik, O., Viktorova, J., and Macek, T., Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals: A Promising Tool for Clean-Up of Polluted Environment? Front Plant Sci., 2018, vol. 9. — 1476.
5. Elbar, D. and Barket, D., Leaching of Metals from Hydrometallurgical Residue by Sulfuric Acid—Aspects, Min. & Miner. Sci., 2018, vol. 1, issue 4.
6. Jackson, A.P. and Alloway, B.J., The transfer of Cadmium from Sewage-Sludge Amended Soils into the Edible Components of Food Crops, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 1991, vol. 57–58, pp. 873–881.
7. Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J.W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M.D., and Lester, J.N., Heavy Metal Content of Vegetables Irrigated with Mixtures of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge in Zimbabwe: Implications for Human Health, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 2006, vol. 112, pp. 41–48.
8. Gupta, N., Khan, D.K., and Santra, SC., Heavy Metal Accumulation in Vegetables Grown in a Long-Term Wastewater-Irrigated Agricultural Land of Tropical India, Environ. Monit. Assess., 2012, vol. 184, pp. 6673–6682.
9. Sayin, S., Fabrication of Efficient Calix [4] Arene-Adorned Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Removal Of Cr (VI) / As (V) Anions from Aqueous Solutions, Polycyclic Aromatic Ompounds, 2020, vol. 1, no. 12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2020.1764986.
10. Eddaif, L., Shaban, A., and Telegdi, J., Sensitive Detection of Heavy Metals Ions Based on the Calixarene Derivatives-Modified Piezoelectric Resonators: A Review, Int. J. Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2019, vol. 99, no. 9, pp. 824–853.
11. Qasem, N.A.A., Mohammed, R.H., and Lawal, D.U., Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater: A Comprehensive and Critical Review, NPJ Clean., 2021, vol. 4, pp. 1–15.
12. Wang, X., et al, Application of Grapheme Oxides and Grapheme Oxide-Based Nanomaterials in Radionuclide Removal from Aqueous Solutions, Sci. Bulletin, 2016, vol. 61, no. 20, pp. 1583–1593.
13. Wang, X., et al., Surface Modification of Graphene Oxides by Plasma Techniques and Their Application for Environmental Pollution Cleanup, The Chemical Record, 2016, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 295–318. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201500223.
14. Shahab, K., Sanila, A., Tanveer, H., and Mudassir, Ur. R., Clay Based Materials for Enhanced Water Treatment: Adsorption Mechanisms, Challenges and Future Directions, J. of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00083-0.
15. Elbar, D. and Barkat, D., Kinetics Etude of the Experimental Leaching of Sphalerite Using Acidic Lixiviant-Aspects, Mining and Mineral Sci., 2018, vol. 1, no. 4.
16. Fosmire, G.J., Zinc Toxicity, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1990, vol. 51, pp. 225–227.
17. Elbar, D. and Barkat, D., Kinetics Etude of the Experimental Leaching of Sphalerite Using Acidic Lixiviant, J. of Mining Science, 2018, vol. 58, pp. 144–150.
18. Tsafrir, J., Copper Toxicity: A Common Cause of Psychiatric Symptoms, 2018. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/holistic-psychiatry/201709/copper-toxicity-common-cause-psychiatric-symptoms.
19. Elbar, D. and Barkat D., The leaching of Sulfide Iron (II) with Sulfuric Acid, J. of Mining Science, 2015, vol. 51, pp. 175–185.
20. Verna, G., Sila, A., Liso, M., Mastronardi, M., Chieppa, M., Cena, H., and Campiglia, P., Iron-Enriched Nutritional Supplements for the 2030 Pharmacy Shelves, Nutrients, 2021, vol. 13. 378.
21. Wu, Y., et al, Environmental Remediation of Heavy Metal Ions by Novel-Nanomaterials: A Review, Environmental Pollution, 2019, vol. 246, pp. 608–620.
22. Kumar, V, Shah, and Shahi, S.K., Phytoremediation Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Other Contaminants from Soil and Water, Elsevier, 2022, vol. 141.
23. Wang, L.Y., Guo, Q.J., and Lee, M.S., Recent Advances in Metal Extraction Improvement: Mixture Systems Consisting of Ionic Liquid and Molecular Extractant, Sep. Purif. Technol., 2019, vol. 210, pp. 292–303.
24. Yao, Y., Zhu, M., Zhao, Z., Tong, B., Fan, Y., and Hua, Z., Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2018, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 13611–13627.
25. Elbar, D., Thesis Doctorate in Chemical Industry, University of BISKRA, Algeria, 2016.
26. Qasem, N.A., Mohammed, R.H., and Lawal, D.U., Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater: A Comprehensive and Critical Review, NPJ Clean Water, 2021, vol. 4, no. 1.
27. Awual, M.R., Ismael, M., Yaita, T., El-Safty, S.A., Shiwaku, H., Okamoto, Y., and Suzuki, S., Trace Copper (II) Ions Detection and Removal from Water Using Novel Ligand Modified Composite Adsorbent, Chem. Eng. J., 2013, Vol. 222, pp. 67–76.
28. Barakat, M.A., New Trends in Removing Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater, Arabian J. of Chemistry, 2011, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 361–377.
29. Bhattacharjee, C.R., Das, G., Mondal, S.K., Prasad and Shankar, D.S., Novel Green Light Emitting Nondiscoid Liquid Crystalline Zinc (II) Schiff-Base Complexes, European J. of Inorganic Chemistry, 2011, pp. 1418–1424.
30. Kaykhaii, M., Sasani, M., and Marghzari, S., Removal of Dyes from the Environment by Adsorption Process, Chem. Mater. Eng., 2018, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 31–35.
31. Kaya, N., Ferhat, A., Zeynep, Y. Uzun, and Selim, C., Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies on the Adsorption of Cu2+ Ions from Aqueous Solution by Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Biochars, Water Supply, 2020, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 3120–3140.
32. Ince, M., Ince, O., Asam, E., and Önal, A., Using Food Waste Biomass as Effective Adsorbents in Water and Wastewater Treatment for Cu (II) Removal, Atomic Spectroscopy, 2017, vol. 38, no. 5. 142.
33. Elbar, D., Rahaly, H., and Guiedeui, A., Kinetics of Experimental Adsorption of Nickel Metal by Activated Carbon, J. of Mining Science, 2022, vol. 58, pp. 144–150.
34. Nag, J.K., Das, D., Pal, S., and Sinha, C., Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Homo- And Hetero-Dinuclear Complexes with a New Septadentate Schiff Base Ligand, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2001, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 11–20.
35. Sole, K.C. and Hiskey, J.B., Solvent Extraction Characteristics of Thiosubstituted Organophosphinic Acid Extractants, Hydrometallurgy, 1992, vol. 30, no. 1-3, pp. 345–365.
36. Guisado-Barrios, G., Slawin, A., and Richens, D.T., Iron Complexes of New Hydrophobic Derivatives Oftris (2-Pyridylmethyl) Amine: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalysis pf Alkane Oxygenation by H2O2, J. of Coordination Chemistry, 2010, vol. 63, pp. 14–16.
37. Rajurkar, V.H. and Kamble, N., Synthesis, Spectral and Biological Studies of New Mn(II) and Fe(II) Complexes of 2,3-Butanedione 3-Monoxime, Orient J. Chem., 2014, vol. 30, no. 4.
38. Castillo, J., Coll, M.T., Fortuny, A., Navarro, D.P., Sepúlveda, R., and Sastre, A.M., Cu(II) Extraction Using Quaternary Ammonium and Quaternary Phosphonium Based Ionic Liquid, Hydrometallurgy, 2014, vol. 141, pp. 89–96.
39. Huang, Y., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Yuan, S., Li, Y., and Wang, L., Effect of Overlying Water pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature on Heavy Metal Release from River Sediments under Laboratory Conditions, Arch. Environ. Prot., 2017, vol. 43, pp. 28–36.
40. Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., Liu, C., Sun, C., Zhang, W., and Marhaba, T., pH Effect on Heavy Metal Release from a Polluted Sediment, J. Chem., 2018. 7597640.
41. Ruiz, M.C., González, I., Rodriguez, V., and Padilla, R., Solvent Extraction of Copper from Sulfate–Chloride Solutions Using LIX 84-IC and LIX 860-IC, Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev., 2021, Vol. 42, pp. 1–8.
42. Elizalde, M.P., Rúa, M.S., Menoyo, B., and Ocio, A., Solvent Extraction of Copper from Acidic Chloride Solutions with LIX 84, J. Hydrometallurgy, 2019, vol. 183, pp. 213–220.
43. Aneta, Ł., Zbigniew, A., and Urszula, D., Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Cobalt (II) and Zinc (II) from Aqueous Solutions Using Novel Ionic Liquids as an Extractants, J. of Molecular Liquids, 2020, vol. 307. 112955.
44. Burakov, A.E., Galunin, E.V., Burakova, I.V., Kucherova, A.E., Agarwal, S., Tkachev, A.G., and Gupta, V.K., Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Conventional and Nanostructured Materials for Wastewater Treatment Purposes: A Review, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018, vol. 148, pp. 702–712.
45. Castillo, J., Toro, N., Hernández, P., Navarro, P., Vargas,, C., Gálvez E., and Sepúlveda, R., Extraction of Cu (II), Fe (III), Zn (II), and Mn (II) from Aqueous Solutions with Ionic Liquid R4NCy, Metals, 2021, vol. 11. 1585.
46. Desoky, M. and Adam, S., Acid-catalyzed equation of bis-N, N’ Pyridylquinolyl-Schiff BaseLow Spin Iron (II) Complexes: Kinetics and Solvent Effect, Int. J. of Chemistry, 2013, pp. 2051–2732.
47. Guisado-Barrios, G., Slawin, A., and Richens, D.T., Iron Complexes of New Hydrophobic Derivatives Oftris (2-Pyridylmethyl) Amine: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalysis of Alkane Oxygenation by H2O2, J. of Coordination Chemistry, 2010, vol. 63, pp. 14–16.
48. Rajurkar, V.H. and Kamble, N., Synthesis, Spectral and Biological Studies of New Mn (II) and Fe (II) Complexes of 2,3-Butanedione 3-Monoxime, Orient J Chem., 2014, vol. 30, no. 4.
49. Saeed, A. and Masoomeh, M., Removal of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on to Granular Activated Carbon in the Presence of Competitor Ions, J. Advances in Environmental Techn., 2016, vol. 2, pp. 85–94.
50. Elizalde, M.P., Rúa, M.S., Menoyo, B., and Ocio, A., Solvent Extraction of Copper from Acidic Chloride Solutions with LIX 84, J. Hydrometallurgy, 2019, vol. 183, pp. 213–220.
51. Ruiz, M.C., González, I., Rodriguez, V., and Padilla, R., Solvent Extraction of Copper from Sulfate–Chloride Solutions Using LIX 84-IC and LIX 860-IC, Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev., 2021, vol. 42, pp. 1–8.
52. Balesini-Aghdam, A., Yoozbashizadeh, H., and Moghaddam, J., Direct Hydrometallurgical Separation of Zn(II) from Brine Leaching Solution of Zinc Filter Cake by Simple Solvent Extraction Process, Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 2019, vol. 55, pp. 667–678.
53. Sobianowska-Turek, A., Szczepaniak, W., Maciejewski, P., and Gawlik-Kobylińska, M., Recovery of Zinc and Manganese and Other Metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) From Zn–Mno2 and Zn–Cu Waste Batteries: Hydroxyl and Carbonate Co-Precipitation from Solution after Reducing Acidic Leaching with Use pf Oxalic Acid, Power Sources, 2016, vol. 325, pp. 220–228.
54. Basta, N.T., Ryan, J., and Chaney, R.L., Trace Element Chemistry in Residual-Treated Soil: Key Concepts and Metal Bioavailability, J. Environ. Qual., 2005, vol. 34, pp. 49–63.
55. Shoaib, M., Naveed, J., Komal, A., Firdous, I., Ahmed Bari, S., Ghulam, M., Jameel, A., and Imran, A., Selective Extraction of Heavy Metals (Fe, Co, Ni) from Their Aqueous Mixtures by Task-Specific Salicylate Functionalized Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquid, J. of Cleaner Production, 2022, vol. 344. 131119.
56. Paulo, F., João, P., and Maria, H., Selective Chemical Extraction of Heavy Metals in Tailings and Soils Contaminated by Mining Activity: Environmental Implications, J. of Geochemical Exploration, 2011, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 160-171.
57. Singh, S., Kapoor, D., Khasnabis, S., Singh, J., and Ramamurthy, P.C., Mechanism and Kinetics of Adsorption and Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Nanomaterials, Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2021, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 2351–2381.
58. Zbigniew, H. and Dorota, K., Selective Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Waters and Waste Waters Using Ion Exchange Methods, 2012. DOI:10.5772/51040
59. Nguyen, T.A.H., Ngo, H.H., Guo, W.S., Zhang, J., Liang, S., Yue, Q.Y., and Nguyen, T.V., Applicability of Agricultural Waste and By-Products for Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater, Bioresource Technology, 2013, vol. 148, pp. 574–585.
60. Mishra, V., Balomajumder, C., and Agarwal, V.K., Zn (II) Ion Biosorption onto Surface of Eucalyptus Leaf Biomass: Isotherm, Kinetic and Mechanistic Modeling, Clean-Soil, Air, Water, 2010, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1062–1073.
61. Aguayo-Villarreal, I.A., Bonilla-Petriciolet, A., and Muñiz-Valencia, R., Preparation of Activated Carbons from Pecan Nutshell and Their Application in the Antagonistic Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions, J. of Molecular Liquids, 2017, vol. 230, pp. 686–952.
NEW METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS IN MINING
ASSESSMENT OF STRESS–STRAIN BEHAVIOR FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION DATA IN ROCK MASS
A. A. Bizyaev*, A. G. Vostretsov, I. I. Smirnyagin, and M. D. Sharapova
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: bizyaev@yandex.ru
Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, 630073 Russia
The article presents the method of location of heavily fractured zones in rock mass. The method uses a geophysical model of electromagnetic radiation which accompanies discontinuity of rock mass. It is shown that for the location of a rock mass area with the change in the stress–strain behavior in the neighborhood of mine openings using the electromagnetic radiation method, it is required to assess the power of a source of rock failure by means of recording signals from sensors of electromagnetic radiation. An approach to building a software architecture to predict dynamic events induced by rock pressure is proposed.
Dynamic events induced by rock pressure, stress–strain behavior, electromagnetic radiation, in-situ testing, rockburst prediction criterion, failure model, hardware and software system
DOI: 10.1134/S106273912406022X
REFERENCES
1. Sobolev, G.А. and Demin, V.М., Kinetics of Electromagnetic and Acoustic Radiation as Precursor of Instability of Block Contacts, Dokl. AN SSSR, 1988, vol. 303, no. 4, pp. 834–836.
2. Zhurkov, S.N., Kinetic Concept of Strength of Solids, Vestn. AN SSSR, no. 3, pp. 46–52.
3. Panin, V.Е., Likhachev, V.А., and Grinyaev, Yu.V., Strukturnye urovni deformatsii tverdykh tel (Structural Levels of Deformation of Solids), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985.
4. Oparin, V.N., Akinin, А.А., Vostrikov, V.I., and Yushkin, V.F., Nonlinear Deformation Processes in the Vicinity of Mine Workings, Journal of Mining Science, 2003, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 315–322.
5. Ivanov, V.V, Egorov, А.А., Kolpakova, L.A., and Pimonov, А.G., Crack Dynamics and Electromagnetic Emission by Loaded Rock Masses, Journal of Mining Science, 1988, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 406–412.
6. Vostretsov, А.G. and Bizyaev, А.А., Detection of Changes in the Properties of Nonstationary Poisson Pulse Flow of Unknown Intensity, Nauch. Vestn. NGTU, 2008, no. 3 (32), pp. 37–44.
7. Alekseev, D.V., Egorov, P.V., Ivanov, V.V. et al., Hurst statistics of the time dependence of electromagnetic emission with loading of rocks, Journal of Mining Science, 1993, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 412–414.
8. Kurlenya, М.V., Vostretsov, А.G., and Yakovitskaya, G.Е., A Model of Electromagnetic Radiation Signals of Loaded Rocks, Journal of Mining Science, 1996, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 164–171.
9. Bizyaev, А.А., Vostretsov, А.G., Smirnyagin, I.I., and Sharapova, М.D., Electromagnetic Emission Associated with Fracture of Rock Samples, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 870–876.
10. Eremenko, А.А., Darbinyan, Т.P., Shaposhnik, Yu.N., Usol’tseva, О.М., and Tsoi, P.А., Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ore and Rocks after Flooding, Journal of Mining Science, 2023, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 723–728.
11. Bizyaev, А.А., Tsupov, М.N., Savchenko, А.V., and Voronkina, N.М., Procedure for Contactless Determination of Hazardously Loaded Zones in Rock Mass near Mine Opening, Ugol’, 2019, no. 11 (1124), pp. 27–31
12. Bizyaev, А.А., Vostretsov, А.G., and Yakovitskaya, G.Е., Registration and Diagnostic System RDK REMI-3 and Experimental Studies of Rock Failure in Underground Openings of the Tashtagol Deposit, Dokl. AN vyssh. shk. RF, 2015, no. 3 (28), pp. 29–38.
13. Vostretsov, А.G., Krivetskii, А.V., Bizyaev, А.А., and Yakovitskaya, G.Е., EMR Recording Equipment for Underground Mines, Journal of Mining Science, 2008, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 218–224.
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF OVERBURDEN DUMPS OVER OLD UNDERGROUND WORKINGS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Pudari Harish and Karra Ram Chandar*
Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka,
Surathkal, Mangalore-575025, India
*email: krc@nitk.edu.in
Stability of overburden dump slopes is a crucial aspect in designing secure and cost-effective dumps. The Strength Reduction Factor (SRF) serves as a widely used term to assess dump stability. This paper focuses on developing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model capable of predicting SRF for overburden dumps situated above existing underground workings. To construct the model, a dataset comprising 96 numerical simulations of overburden dumps generated through the finite element method was utilized. A neural network architecture with three layers of forward-backward propagation was utilized, containing hidden neurons to analyze simulations during training, validation and testing stages. The input parameters for studying overburden dump slopes over underground workings included dump slope height (Sh), dump slope angle (θ), cohesion (C), friction angle (Ø), unit weight (γ) of the dump material, depth of working from the surface (D), centre-to-centre pillar distance in underground workings (C-C), and gallery width (Gw). The ANN predicted results were compared with the outcomes derived from numerical simulations of overburden dump slopes above underground workings. The study highlights that the developed ANN model in this research proves highly effective in handling and designing complex overburden dump slopes. The obtained results indicate a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.0595 and a coefficient of determination (R) of 0.883, both of which are considered acceptable.
Overburden dumps, dump slope stability, old underground workings, strength reduction factor, finite element method, artificial neural network
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060231
REFERENCES
1. Nayak, P.K., Dash, A., and Dewangan, P., Design Considerations for Waste Dumps in Indian Opencast Coal Mines—A Critical Appraisal, Proc. 2nd International Conference on Opencast Mining Technology & Sustainability, 2020, pp. 19–31.
2. Nguyen, P.M.V., Wrana, A., Rajwa, S., Różański, Z., and Frączek, R., Slope Stability Numerical Analysis and Landslide Prevention of Coal Mine Waste Dump under the Impact of Rainfall—A Case Study of Janina Mine, Poland, Energies, 2022, vol. 15, no. 21, P. 8311.
3. Rajak, T.K., Yadu, L., and Chouksey, S.K., Strength Characteristics and Stability Analysis of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) Stabilized Coal Mine Overburden–Pond Ash Mix, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2020, vol. 38, pp. 663–682.
4. Chaturvedi, A. and Singh, G.S.P., Influence of Interface and Induced Seismicity on Overburden Dump Slope Stability, Indian Academy of Sciences, 2022, vol. 123, no, 6, pp. 797–803.
5. Layek, S., Villuri, V.G.K., Koner, R., and Chand, K., Rainfall & Seismological Dump Slope Stability Analysis on Active Mine Waste Dump Slope with UAV, Advances in Civil Engineering, 2022.
6. Supandi., The Influence of Water Balance for Slope Stability on the High Mine Waste Dump, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2021, vol. 39, no.7, pp. 5253–5266.
7. Mittapally, S.K. and Karra, R.C., Functions and Performance of Sensors for Slope Monitoring in Opencast Coal Mines–Laboratory Experimentation, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023, pp. 1–14.
8. Wang, Y.K., Sun, S. W., and Liu, L., Mechanism, Stability and Remediation of a Large-Scale External Waste Dump in China, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2019, vol. 37, pp. 5147–5166.
9. Chaulya, S.K., Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas. Slope Failure Mechanism and Monitoring Techniques, 2016, pp. 1 – 86.
10. Rai, P.B. and Mahapatro, S., Overburden Dump Slope Stability: A Case Study at Coal Mine, Doctoral Dissertation, 2013.
11. Muthreja, I.L. and Yerpude, R.R., Role of Site Selection on the Stability of Surface Coal Mine Waste Dumps, The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal, 2012, Vol. 51, No. 9.
12. Bakhaeva, S.P., Gogolin, V.A., and Ermakova, I.A., Calculating Stability of Overburden Dumps on Weak Bases, Journal of Mining Science, 2016, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 454–460.
13. Sekhar, S., Singh, U.C., Porathur, J.L., and Budi, G., Overburden Dump Stabilization over Weak Floor Using Rock-Filled Trench Near The Toe—A Numerical Modeling Approach, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2021, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 311.
14. Chaulya, S.K., Singh, R.S., Chakraborty, M.K., and Srivastava, B.K., Quantification of Stability Improvement of a Dump through Biological Reclamation, Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, 2000, vol. 18, pp. 193–207.
15. Verma, H., Rudra, E.S.C.K., Rai, R., Pandian, K.A., and Manna, B., Design of Dump Slope on Weak Foundation, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, 2023, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 107–118.
16. Janbu, N., Slope Stability Computations, Wiley (John) and Sons, Incorporated, 1973.
17. Cai, F. and Ugai, K., Reinforcing Mechanism of Anchors in Slopes: A Numerical Comparison of Results of LEM and FEM, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2003, vol. 27, no.7, pp. 549–564.
18. Rocscience, A New Era in Slope Stability Analysis: Shear Strength Reduction Finite Element Technique, RocNews, Summer 2004.
19. Gupta, T., Rai, R., Jaiswal, A., and Shrivastva, B.K., Sensitivity Analysis of Coal Rib Stability for Internal Mine Dump in Opencast Mine by Finite Element Modelling, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2014, vol. 32, pp. 705–712.
20. Soren, K., Stability Analysis of Open Pit Slope by Finite Difference Method, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2014, vol. 3, pp. 326–334.
21. Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS), Coal Mines Regulations (CMR), 2017, Chapter 10—Mine Working, Regulation Number 108—Spoil Banks and Dumps. Available at: https://www.dgms.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/CoalMinesRegulation2017.pdf.
22. Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS), Coal Mines Regulations (CMR), 2017, Chapter 10—Mine Working, Regulation Number 111—Development Work. Available at: https://www.dgms.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/CoalMinesRegulation2017.pdf.
23. Sahas, Kunar, B.M., and Chandar, K.R., An Overview of the Applications of Soft Computing Methods for Predicting the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Rocks from Indirect Methods, International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering, 2023, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 124–156.
24. Rahul, Khandelwal, M., Rai, R., and Shrivastva, B.K., Evaluation of Dump Slope Stability of a Coal Mine Using Artificial Neural Network, Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 2015, vol. 1, no. 3-4, pp. 69–77.
MONITORING SYSTEMS IN MINING
PRACTICAL RESULTS OF IN-SITU SEISMIC TESTING: A CASE-STUDY OF THE KARAGANDA COAL BASIN
S. P. Olenyuk, E. N. Khmyrova*, and O. G. Besimbaeva
Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, 100027 Kazakhstan
*e-mail: khmyrovae@mail.ru
The article discusses in-situ seismic tests carried out during operation in the mines Kazakhstan, Abay and Kuzembaev in the Karaganda Coal Basin for studying and predicting geological faults in coal seams. Seismic testing used the methods of reflection survey, transmitted waves, seismic location, as well as their combinations. The practical results of the in-situ seismic testing in complex geological conditions proved the efficiency of the listed methods, and enabled adjustment of the presence, position and stretch of expectable faults, revealed the absence of unpredictable faults, and detected the zones of change in hypsometry of coal seams, as well as other anomalies.
In-situ testing, reflection method, transmitted wave method, seismic location, coal–rock mass, elastic wave sources and receivers, geological information interpretation, planning of mine development
DOI: 10.1134/S1062739124060243
REFERENCES
1. Tirkel’, М.G., Kompanets, А.I., and Sukhinina, Е.V., Features of Processing Data from Ground Seismic Survey of Tectonic Disturbance of Coal Seams, Mezhved. sb. nauch. trudov: Geotekhnicheskaya mekhanika, Dnepropetrovsk: NANU, 2002, iss. 35, pp. 96–101.
2. Nomokonov, V.P. (ed.), Seismorazvedka. Spravochnik geofizika T. 1 (Seismic Survey. Geophysics Handbook. Vol. 1), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
3. Antsiferov, А.V., Teoriya i praktika shakhtnoi seismorazvedki (Theory and Practice of Mine Seismic Survey), Donetsk: Alan, 2003.
4. Instruktsiya po bezopasnomu vedeniyu gornykh rabot na plastakh, opasnykh po vnezapnym vybrosam uglya i gaza (Instructions for the Safe Mining of Sudden Coal and Gas Outburst Hazardous Seams), Almaty, 1995.
5. Pravila okhrany sooruzhenii i prirodnykh ob’ektov ot vrednogo vliyaniya podzemnykh gornykh razrabotok na ugol’nykh mestorozhdeniyakh (Rules for the Protection of Structures and Natural Objects from Harmful Effects of Underground Mining Operations at Coal Deposits), Moscow: Nedra, 1981.
6. Imranov, R.А., Khmyrova, Е.N., Besimbaeva, О.G., Olenyuk, S.P., and Kapasova, А.Z., Analysis of Possible Formation of Domes in Longwall, Gornye nauki i tekhnologii, 2019, no. 4, pp. 57–64.
7. Starobinets, А.Е. and Starobinets, М.Е., Tsifrovaya obrabotka i interpretatsiya dannykh metoda prelomlennykh voln (Digital Processing and Interpretation of Data from the Refracted Wave Method), Moscow: Nedra, 1983.
8. Bondarev, V.I., Seismorazvedka (Seismic Survey), Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya, 2009.
9. Telegin, А.N., Metodika seismorazvedochnykh rabot MOV i obrabotka materialov (Methodology of Seismic Survey Using Reflection Method and Processing of Materials), Leningrad: Nedra, 1991.
10. Turchkov, А.М., Reflected Wave Method in Common Depth Point Modification in Engineering Seismic Survey, Tekhnologii seismorazvedki, 2013, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 98–111.
11. Urupov, А.К. and Levin, А.N., Opredelenie i interpretatsiya skorostei v metode otrazhennykh voln (Determination and Interpretation of Velocities in Reflected Wave Method), Moscow: Nedra, 1985.
12. Epinat’eva, А.М., Goloshubin, G.М., Litvin, А.L., Pavlenkin, А.D., Petrashen’, G.I., Starobinets, А.Е., and Shneerson, М.B., Metod prelomlennykh voln (Refracted Wave Method), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
13. Shneerson, М.B., Zhukov, А.P., and Belousov, А.V., Tekhnologiya i metodika prostranstvennoi seismorazvedki (Technology and Methodology of Spatial Seismic Exploration), Moscow: Spektr, 2009.
14. Potapov, О.А., Organizatsiya i tekhnicheskie sredstva seismorazvedochnykh rabot (Organization and Technical Means of Seismic Surveying), Moscow: Nedra, 1989.
15. Gurvich, I.I. and Boganik, G.N., Seismicheskaya razvedka (Seismic Surveying), Moscow: Nedra, 1980.
16. Golyarchuk, N.А., Guberman, E.I., Mershiy, V.V., Balakin, F.Yu., and Yufa, Ya.М., Some Aspects of the Theory and Practice of Applying MASW Method, Proc. of Conf. on Engineering Geophysics, Kislovodsk, 2017.
17. Puzyrev, N.N., Metody i ob’ekty seismicheskikh issledovanii (Methods and Objects of Seismic Studies), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 1997.
18. Telegin, А.N., Seismorazvedka metodom prelomlennykh voln (Seismic Surveying by Refracted Wave Method), Saint Petersburg, SPBU, 2994.
19. Park, C.B., MASW Analysis of Bedrock Velocities (Vs and Vр), SEG International Exposition and Annual Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2016, pp. 4966–4970.
20. Loke, M.H., Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D Electrical Imaging Surveys, Geotomo Software, Malaysia, 2012.
21. Park, C.B., Miller, R.D., and Xia, J., Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves, Geophysics, 1999, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 80–808.